Gordis Epidemiology

Front 1

Give two general traits and two examples of PROCESS MEASURES

Back 1

• Traits​​

Tend to be economic in nature

Measure how care is Delivered

• Examples

# of patient visits

# of hospitalizations

# of vaccines delivered

Front 2

You aim to vaccinate 80% of the population and you achieve 60% vaccination.

How effective is your program?

Back 2

60% / 80% x 100 = 75% effective

Front 3

This intervention is __________________, it worked under ideal circumstances in an RCT.

Back 3

Efficacious

Front 4

This intervention is __________________, it worked under real world circumstances, not just in an RCT.

Back 4

Effective

Front 5

This intervention is __________________, it worked better than the previous option and lowered costs as well.

Back 5

Efficient

Front 6

A your budget is $400, you estimate and budget for vaccinating someone to cost $2. You end up spending $2.50 per vaccination.

How efficient is your program?

Back 6

Planned cost per case / Actual cost per case

2.00 / 2.50 x 100 = 80% efficient

Front 7

_____________________ is the extent to which you minimize resources to provide a specific intervention, service or procedure

Back 7

Efficiency

Front 8

Outcome measure or Process measure:

# of people vaccinated

Back 8

Process measure

Front 9

Outcome measure or Process measure:

# of people vaccinated w serologic response

Back 9

Outcome Measure

Front 10

Outcome measure or Process measure:

% reduction in mortality

Back 10

Outcome measure

Front 11

Outcome measure or Process measure:

Patient satisfaction

Back 11

Outcome measure

Front 12

What type of studies are analyzed with time analysis series?

Back 12

Cross sectional studies

Front 13

When would you choose a quasi-experimental design?

Back 13

Ideally you'd do an RCT, but its not feasible (often for practical or ethical reasons), so you do a stepwise roll-out and compare case (sites where program is active) to controls (sites that haven't had the roll-out yet).

Front 14

Should we screen for Huntington's Disease?

Back 14

Tricky, rare, no known treatment, so whats the point

Front 15

We should screen for disease that are (5 traits)

Back 15

1. Public health problem
2. Progressive
3. Effective / Acceptable treatment available
4. Earlier treatment is better than late
5. Cheaper to screen/treat than to treat late or die

Front 16

Lead time

Back 16

Time of screening diagnosis to time of symptom onset

Front 17

What are the four possible screening outcomes and what is the one benefit and 5 harms?

Back 17

True positive: Early detection treatment advantage, No treatment advantage, Over-diagnosis

False positive: Harms of diagnostic test required to diagnose (stress of disease label)

False negative: Harm of the test itself, false sense of security

True Negative: Harms of the test itself (pain, cost, screening fatigue)

Front 18

Approx Spec / Sens / PPV of mammography?

How do they change with age?

Back 18

84.4% / 90.8% / 4.3%--all improve with age

Front 19

In case he recycles questions (visual recognition; no time to recall questions)

Back 19

E) Compared to those with no exercise, association with MI was stronger for regular exercise than for seasonal exercise

A) Positive confounding by sex

A) In-shape is an effect modifier

B) There is only additive interaction

E) No additional info is needed (likely to be on final)

D) Whether the observed association is due to effect modification

C) Low rate of congenital malformation

D) 2.3 (RR for CHD in smokers)

Front 20

Lifetime risk for breast CA ranges between ___ & ____ if you have BRCA1 or BRCA2

Back 20

50% - 80%