Gopo Supreme Court Cases

Front 1

Everson v Board of Education (1947)

Back 1

First use of incorporation for establishment clause; Busing for Catholic schools was upheld, however.

Front 2

Lemon v Kurtzman (1971)

Back 2

The state cannot reimburse private schools for religious stuff

Front 3

Westside School District v Mergens

Back 3

Bible club could be held at school after school, but the club adviser could not be paid for it.

Front 4

Reynolds v United States

Back 4

Religious duty does not take precedence over law; polygamy, thus, is not legal to those practicing religions containing polygamy

Front 5

Employment Division v. Smith

Back 5

Unemployment benefits can be denied if someone is fired for use of peyote even if it is for religious purposes.

Front 6

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Back 6

Founding of the Clear-and-Present-Danger usage. Leaflets in WWI trashtalking the draft were upheld as illegal.

Front 7

Tinker v Des Moines (1969)

Back 7

1st Amendment speech upheld in classrooms

Front 8

DC v Heller (2008)

Back 8

Upheld that 2nd Amendment allows use of firearms without a militia for lawful purposes such as self defense.

Front 9

Mapp v Ohio (1961)

Back 9

Information found in methods that violate the 4th Amendment cannot be used in a criminal trial

Front 10

Gideon v Wainwright (1963)

Back 10

States must provide counsel to those unable to afford a lawyer

Front 11

Miranda v Arizona (1966)

Back 11

Things said by someone who has not been directly informed of their rights to have an attorney and to not self-incriminate cannot be used against them.

Front 12

Plessy v Ferguson (1896)

Back 12

Ruling that segregation was okay, under the term "separate but equal"

Front 13

Korematsu v US (1944)

Back 13

Disallowing Japanese from living in certain areas was constitutional because it protected against espionage.

Front 14

Brown v Board (1954)

Back 14

Segregation for schoolchildren was unequal

Front 15

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

Back 15

Barred quota systems in schools but allows affirmative action programs to give equal access to minorities

Front 16

Incorporation Doctrine

Back 16

Using the 14th Amendment to extend restrictions onto states for rights.

Front 17

Equal Protection Clause

Back 17

14th: "No state shall deny equal protection of the law"

Front 18

Due Process Clause

Back 18

Fifth/Fourteenth: "Nobody shall be deprived of L, L, P without due process of law."

Front 19

Selective Incorporation

Back 19

Only using incorporation on certain freedoms.

Front 20

Preferred Freedoms

Back 20

Some freedoms take precedence over others.

Front 21

Establishment Clause

Back 21

No officially established religion, no endorsement of religion.

Front 22

Free Exercise Clause

Back 22

As long as practices remain legal, any religion should be accepted.

Front 23

Lemon Test

Back 23

Secular purpose?
Effect of advancing or inhibiting religion?
eXcessive government entanglement?

Front 24

Freedom of Expression

Back 24

Press and speech are not limited, within some basic limits.

Front 25

Time, place, and manner restrictions

Back 25

There's a time and a place for everything; things should not be said in inappropriate places if they are going to cause unnecessary harm.

Front 26

Symbolic Speech

Back 26

Illegal activities that are meant to be symbolic are still illegal- free speech does not protect them.

Front 27

Prior Restraint

Back 27

Telling a newspaper ahead of time what it can and cannot publish.

Front 28

Libel

Back 28

Malicious, knowingly false information that is published that significantly damages the subject of the information.

Front 29

Imminent danger

Back 29

Speech may only be stopped if there is danger that is close to happening.

Front 30

Right to associate

Back 30

People can hang or belong to whoever they want without persecution

Front 31

Indictment

Back 31

Formal accusation of criminality.

Front 32

Grand Jury

Back 32

Decide if there's enough evidence for a trial.

Front 33

Probable cause

Back 33

Police can arrest or search if it is reasonable that there might be merit.

Front 34

Exclusionary rule

Back 34

Evidence found illegally don't count.

Front 35

Good faith exception

Back 35

If the police felt they were being legal, it is ok.

Front 36

Self-incrimination

Back 36

Being forced to testify against yourself

Front 37

Strict Scrutiny
Semi-Strict
Reasonable/rational

Back 37

Probably won't pass
May or may not pass
Will probably pass

Front 38

Jim Crow

Back 38

Separate but equal

Front 39

Civil Rights Act 1964
Voting Rights Act 1965
Higher Education Act 1972 (Title IX)

Back 39

No racial segregation
No discriminatory voting practices
Sex cannot be a decider in things relating to higher education

Front 40

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

Back 40

Granted greater rights to the disabled; required greater accommodation

Front 41

Equal Rights Amendment

Back 41

Proposed amendment that disallows discrimination based on sex.

Front 42

Right to Privacy

Back 42

People are granted the ability to have privacy; was used for abortion.

Front 43

Affirmative Action

Back 43

Giving benefits to minorities, women to level the playing field

Front 44

Reverse discrimination

Back 44

Being favorable to minority at the expense of the majority is just as bad.

Front 45

Compelling government interest

Back 45

Necessary or crucial gov't interest

Front 46

Narrowly tailored

Back 46

--

Front 47

Concurring opinion

Back 47

I agree but for a different reason

Front 48

Dissenting

Back 48

I disagree

Front 49

Griswold v Connecticut 1965

Back 49

Right to privacy (contraceptives are A-Ok!)

Front 50

Roe v Wade 1973

Back 50

Most state abortion laws were thrown out.