Gonadal And Pregnancy Hormones

Front 1

are c-18 steroid hormones derived from the ovarian follicle and adrenal glands.

Back 1

Estrogens

Front 2

predominant estrogen in pregnancy.

Back 2

E3 Estriol

Front 3

predominant estrogen in non-pregnant female.

Back 3

E2 Estradiol

Front 4

metabolic product of estradiol with little biological activity.

Back 4

E1 Estrone

Front 5

chief estrogen produced specifically by the maturing follicle within the ovary

Back 5

E2 Estradiol

Front 6

causes secondary sexual characteristics (hair distribution, dat distrubution, breast development, fine skin and hair) development of uterus and fallopian tubes and also prepares the uterine endothelium for pregnancy.

Back 6

E2 Estradiol

Front 7

sythesized by placenta using precursor steroid that is synthesized by fetus.

Back 7

E3 Estriol

Front 8

High concentration in pregnancy suppress pituitary hormones which prevents ovulation. Present in very small quantity in nonpregnant female(not clinically significant) derived almost exclusively from estradiol

Back 8

E3 Estriol

Front 9

are a group of C-19 steroids

Back 9

Androgens

Front 10

the two most active androgens

Back 10

testerone (gonadal androgen) and androstenedione (adrenal cortical androgen)

Front 11

is the chief meale androgen secreted by the testes (production increases at puberty and also (5%) from adrenal gland (women produce only 5-10% as much as men do)

Back 11

testosterone

Front 12

is the chief female androgen synthesized by the adrenal cortex and ovaries

Back 12

androstenedione

Front 13

some is converted to estrone in circulation. some is converted to testosterone. Function is to develop muscle mass in women.

Back 13

androstenedione

Front 14

in circulation, some testosterone is converted to _______, which has greater biological activity.

Back 14

DHT (Dihydro-testosterone)

Front 15

what are the two functions of testosterone (and/or) DHT

Back 15

1. maturation of genitals and secondary sexual characteristics (muscle and bone development, deep voice, hair distribution)
2. growth of male reproductive system, prostate and larynx including hypertrophy of larynx and initiation of spermatogenesis

Front 16

C-21 steroid hormone. primarily a female sex hormone produced by the corpus luteum.

Back 16

progesterone

Front 17

functions in growth and vascularization of uterine lining in preparation for implantation of a fertilized ovum. very high levels are seen in pregnancy (due to placental synthesis) which helps suppress pituitary hormones to prevent menstruation during pregnancy.

Back 17

progesterone

Front 18

97-98% of both ________ is bound in circulation to plasma proteins, specifically to SHBG. 2-3% is free (unbound hormone) which, as usual, is biologically active on target cells and in feedback regulation.

Back 18

E2 and testosterone

Front 19

90-95% is bound to CBG (corticosteroid binding globulin) only free (unbound)hormone is biogically active.

Back 19

progesterone

Front 20

stimulates pituitary secretion of LH and FSH. Regulation occurs through both positive and negative feedback over a month in the mature female. In mature male, the cycle spans a 24 hours.

Back 20

the hypothalamic hormone gonatropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Front 21

the_________ pituitary produces oxytocin for uterine contractions during labor and breast milk ejection during lactation.

Back 21

posterior pituitary

Front 22

the _______ pituitary provides secondary level of control and stimulation of reproductive hormones through release of gonatrophins- LH and FSH.

Back 22

anterior pituitary

Front 23

contain cells that respond to the binding of LH and FSH to specific cellular receptors causing the secretion of hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.

Back 23

the primary reproductive organs, ovaries in females and testes in males.

Front 24

other consequences of testicular and ovarian hormones response (hormone regulation)

Back 24

release of the mature ovum (ovary) and sperm cells (testes) and responsiveness to other hormones such as estradiol and inhibin.

Front 25

stimulates growth and mitosis/meiosis of gametes (ovum in the follicle of ovary, spermatogonia in testis) and release of inhibin

Back 25

FSH =follicle-stimulation hormone

Front 26

trigger the release of gametes by stimulating secretion of hormone by supporting cells (progesterone from corpus luteum in ovary, testosterone from interstitial cells in testis)

Back 26

LH= luteinizing
ICSH = interstitial cell-stimulating hormone

Front 27

in men, _______ happens continuously, constant levels of FSH, LH, inhibin and testosterone.

Back 27

negative feedback

Front 28

in women, ______ happens once every 28 days- menstrual cycle.

Back 28

negative feedback

Front 29

causes inhibition of LH from pituitary.

Back 29

progesterone

Front 30

sloughing if uterine wall & its blood vessels because there was no fertilized ovum implanted resulting in discharge of blood and mucosal tissue from the vagina of a female.

Back 30

menstruation

Front 31

cessation of menstruation. lack of estrogen. both FSH and LH increase.

Back 31

menopause

Front 32

females are born with all of their ovarian follicles containing ____. in the sexually mature female, a single _____ is released each month.

Back 32

oocyte

Front 33

the maturation of a follicle and release of a mature oocyte occurs midway in the menstrual cycle and is known as______.

Back 33

ovulation

Front 34

if fertilazation occurs the zygote implants in the _______ and immediately forms a tiny _______ that produces _____, ______, and ____.

Back 34

uterine wall
placenta
HCG
progesterone
estrogen

Front 35

inhibits secretion of LH and GnRH

Back 35

progesterone

Front 36

Embryo produces ______, which placenta converts to ______---> inhibits secretion of ____ AND ___

Back 36

E3 precursor
Estriol (E3)
FSH and GnRH

Front 37

Fertilization occurs when the oocyte and the sperm cell unite to form a _____.

Back 37

zygote

Front 38

for the sake of determining gestation age, fertilization is thought to occur on day ____ of the cycle.

Back 38

14

Front 39

the zygote travels down the fallopian tube toward the ____, begins dividing and forms a ball of cells called the ____.

Back 39

fallopian tubes
morula

Front 40

Around 5-6 days after conception, the morula enters the uterus and differentiates into a ____, that consists if a hollow, fluid-filled ball of cells with an inner cell mass at one end and surrounded by an outer cell layer.

Back 40

blastocyst

Front 41

the blastocysts implants in the uterus on day

Back 41

6-8 after conception.

Front 42

produces several hormones that help to sustain the pregnancy including hCG, hPL and progesterone. (markers of pregnancy)

Back 42

placenta

Front 43

pregnancy test

Back 43

serum or urine b-hCG for the presence placenta.

Front 44

a dipeptide hormone; a alpha _____ peptide is the silimar to LH, FSH and other hormones, but the b-peptide is unique. use immunoassay whose antibody is specific for the b-peptide.

Back 44

HCG

Front 45

this hormone is produced by chorionic villi of the implanted blastocyst and triggers the corpus luteum to release progesterone and estrogen. hCg helps maintain the uterine lining, the endometrium, with an adequate uterine blood supply until placental synthesis of progesterone begins.

Back 45

HCG

Front 46

detectable levels of hcg being at about____. during the first trimester they double every _____ reflecting growth and healthy development of the placenta

Back 46

22
2 days

Front 47

once _____ is produced by the placenta to maintain uterine function, hcg is no longer needed and the amount levels off and declines by approximately 12-14 days.

Back 47

progesterone

Front 48

positive test is ____ mIU/mL in serum or ______ mIU/mL in urine, and level reaches very high values by end of (1st three months)

Back 48

equal or >5
equal or > 25

Front 49

(hPL) human placental lactogen is single _____ with similarities with in structures to_____.

Back 49

polypeptide chain
growth hormone

Front 50

helps prepare the mammary glands for lactation.

Back 50

hPL

Front 51

is the most commonly measured of these three hormones, especially as an early indicator of pregnancy.

Back 51

chorionic gonadotropin

Front 52

is a pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum is unable to implaint in the uterus and remains in the fallopian tubes or the ovary. remains one of the most common causes of maternal death during the first trimester, typically characterized by severe pain and hemorrhage as with clotting disorders a more severe complication that may lead to death.

Back 52

ectopic pregnancies

Front 53

the most common cause of ectopic pregnancy is ____________________________________________.

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scarred or obstructed fallopian tubes secondary to sexually transmitted disease or pelvic inflammatory disease.

Front 54

history of pain and bleeding, physical exam (showing a pelvic mass), visualization by ultrasound and hCG levels that are abnormally low and with a slow rate of increase.

Back 54

ectopic pregnancy

Front 55

vaginal bleeding, cramping pain, a previous positive hCG test and decreasing hCG levels over 48 hour period. a normal pregnancy will result in an increasing hCG in early pregnancy.

Back 55

spontaneous abortion or miscarriage

Front 56

the most common cause cause of miscarriage is is abnormally developing ___________ or _____. Over half of the spontaneous abortions that occur in the first trimester result from an abnormality in the fetus such as chromosomal abnormalities incompatible with life.

Back 56

blastocyst or embryos

Front 57

miscarriage can also result from the hormonal fluctuations including______. A sudden drop in ________ will cause the endometrium to slough, evacuating the embryo and causing menstruation to begin.

Back 57

inadequate levels of progesterone or estrogens, necessary for the maintance of the uterine lining.
progesterone

Front 58

_____ results in a tumor growth, rather than a fetus, in the uterus. There are several types including hydatiform mole, invasive hydatiform mole, or choriocarcinoma.

Back 58

trophoblastic neoplasm

Front 59

is a benign growth, which is characterized by abnormal growth of chorionic villi, edema and grape like cluster of watery sacs in the uterus that are visible by ultrasound.

Back 59

hydatiform mole

Front 60

is similar to hydatiform mole but the chorionic villi grow to invade the uterine smooth muscles.

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invasive hyadatiform mole

Front 61

a malignancy in which the chorionic villi invade not only the uterus but spread to surrounding organs. they arise from the trophoblast.

Back 61

choriocarcinoma

Front 62

are helpful in determining progression of neoplastic disease since levels correlate with the amount of tumor present. A patient with hCG of 400,000 IU/L or higher would be expected to have a poor prognosis even with treatment.

Back 62

qualitative hCG levels

Front 63

with a twin pregnancy, the level of ______ in the mother's serum is close to double the range for a single fetus pregnancy. AFP levels will be elevated as well.

Back 63

hCG

Front 64

peak indicates that ovulation has occurred. used when assessing infertility in women.

Back 64

progesterone

Front 65

are increased after menopause. also when assessing infertility in men and women.

Back 65

FSH and LH

Front 66

used to assess gonadal function

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testerone and E2

Front 67

lack of gonadal function. in children, delayed onset of puberty indicates______. in adults, amenorrhea and decreased libido or infertility indicate possible _____

Back 67

hypogonadism

Front 68

has decreased gonadal hormone (E2 or testosterone) and increased gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

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primary hypogonadism

Front 69

if primary hypogonadism then chromosome analysis is warrented to rule out ________ (XO) in female and _____ (XXY) in male.

Back 69

Turner's syndrome
Klinefelter's syndrome

Front 70

has decreased gonadal hormone (estrogen, testosterone) and decreased gonadotropins

Back 70

secondary hypogonadism

Front 71

excessive androgen production. precocious puberty in child. no effect in adult. testicular tumor (primary) pituitary tumor (2nd)

Back 71

hypergonadism

Front 72

excessive androgen-sensitive hair growth in women in areas where hair follicles are not normally found. Ethnic background is important.

Back 72

Hirsutism