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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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isotonic loss or gain
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serum Na+ normal
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hypotonic disorders
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hyponatremia always present
ICF expansion |
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hyponatremia causes water to shift
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from ECF to ICF
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hyperglycemia or hypernatremia causes water to shift from
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ICF to ECF
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pitting edema states
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right-sided heart failure
cirrhosis nephrotic syndrome |
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rapid IV fluid correction of hyponatremia with saline in an alocoholic
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may cause central pontine myelinolysis
this is an irreversible demyelinating disorder |
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hyperglycemia and Posm and serum Na+
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increases Posm
decreases serum sodium (dilutional effect) |
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hypokalemia and insulin
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hypokalemia inhibits insulin secretion
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hyperkalemia and insulin
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stimulates insulin secretion
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alkalosis
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K+ shifts into cells
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acidosis
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K+ shifts out of cells
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most common cause of hypokalemia
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loop and thiazide diuretics
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hypokalemia and ECG
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U wave on ECG
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most common cause of hyperkalemia
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renal failure
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hyperkalemia and ECG
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peaked T waves
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increased anion gap metabolic acidosis
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anions of acid replace HCO3-
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normal anion gap metabolic acidosis
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Cl- anions replace HCO3-
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salicylate intoxication
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often mixture of primary metabolic acidosis and primary respiratory alkalosis
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transudate
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protein and cell-poor fluid
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exudate
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protein and cell-rich fluid
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most common site of venous thrombi
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deep vein in lower extremity below the knee
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majority of pulmonary embolisms originate here
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femoral veins
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systemic embolism
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majority originate in the left side of the heart
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amniotic fluid embolism
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abrupt onset dyspnea
hypotension bleeding (DIC) |
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decompression sickness
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nitrogen gas bubbles occlude vessel lumens
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complications of scuba diving
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pneumothorax and pulmonary embolism
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hypovolemic shock
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most often caused by blood loss
decreased CO and LVEDP increased PVR |
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cardiogenic shock
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most often caused by acute MI
decreased CO increased LVEDP and PVR |
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septic shock
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most often caused by sepsis due to E. coli
increased CO decreased LVEDP and PVR |
