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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the mechanism of small vessel injury in diabetes?
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non-enzymatic glycosylation renders vessels permeable to probein --> gives hyalinization and narrows lumen
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what is gross appearance of kidney with HTN?
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shrunken cobblestones appearance due to lacunar strokes and hyalinization of arterioles and capillaries
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onion-skinned appearance of small vessels in kidney
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malignant hypertension
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why is the abdominal aorta the most common site of aneurysm?
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absence of vaso vasorum... has no blood supply below renal arteries
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sudden onset of severe left flank pain, hypotension, pulsatile mass on PE means what?
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ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm
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what is underlying pathology of syphilitic lesions?
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vasculitis (all of syphilis is vasculitis) treponeme infects vaso vasora
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key factors for causing dissecting aortic aneurism
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hypertension
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what is pathogenesis of dissecting aortic aneurysm
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elastic tissue fragmentation, cystic medial necrosis (GAGs)
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most common type of aortic dissection?
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proximal dissection --> occludes upper arteries, causes absent pulse on left
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what conditions predispose to aortic dissection?
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marfan syndrome, ehlers danlos syndrome, pregnancy
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sturge weber...what is it?
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vascular malformation in trigeminal region of face. also has AV malformation in brain on same side. predisposes to bleeding. people are retarded
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how do you treat capillary hemangiomas?
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leave it alone
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cause of kaposi's sarcoma
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herpes virus 8
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lesion only seen in AIDS patients that looks like kaposi's sarcoma but isn't. what is it?
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vacillary angiomatosis caused by bartonella henselae
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angiosarcoma of liver is caused by what?
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arsenic and polyvinyl chloride
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small vessel vasculitis is caused by what?
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type III hypersensitivity --> immune complex deposition --> palpable purpura
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most common cause of coronary artery disease in children
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kawasaki's
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what lesion do you see in muscular arteries?
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infarction
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what kind of vessels are affected in people with no pulse?
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elastic arteries (takayasu's)
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temporal arteritis caused by what?
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granulomatous inflammation (multinucleated giant cells present) of temporal artery
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digital necrosis of fingers and toes in heavy smoker
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buerger's disease
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14 y/o boy with URI one week ago presents with polyarthritis, joint pains, hematuria with RBC casts and palpable purpura of buttocks and lower leg. what is the cause?
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henoch-schonlein purpura --> IgA Abs in small vessels
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most common vasculitis in children?
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henoch-schonlein purpura
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saddle nose deformity, chronic sinus infections, nodular masses in lungs, glomerular disease. what test will diagnose?
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wegener's granulomatosis --> C-ANCA --> treat with cyclophosphamide
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polyarteritis nodosa. what antibody is associated with this?
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P-ANCA --> associated with HBV surface antigen
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IV drug abuser with chronic hepatitis B has nodular inflamed mass on lower extremity and hematuria. what does he have?
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polyarteritis nodosa
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diabetic ketoacidosis with frontal lobe cerebral abscess related to what fungus?
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mucormycosis
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what are the spirocetes?
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leptospira, borrellia, treponeme
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cryoglobulinemia associated with what hepatitis?
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HCV
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digital vasculitis leads to fibrosis. manifests as Raynaud's syndrome. what is is?
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scleroderma
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CREST syndrome associated with what?
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Calcinosis/Centromere Ab
Raynaud's Esophageal dysmotility Sclerodactyly Telangiectasia |
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three causes of raynaud's?
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cold-reacting antibodies, vasculitis, vasoconstriction
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essential hypertension has what renin level in blood?
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low
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where do most hypertensive ruptures occur in brain?
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in branches from middle cerebral artery
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concentric hypertrophy is caused by what?
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increased after-load
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dilated hypertrophy is caused by what?
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increased preload (volume overload)
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what causes and S3 heart sound?
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occurs in early diastole, so it must be caused by volume overload
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S4 heart sound is caused by what?
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occurs in late diastole --> problem with compliance (atrium encountering a problem filling the ventricle)
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what abnormal heart sound is found in hypertension?
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S4
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all right sided heart murmurs and abnormal heart sounds increase in intensity during what?
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inspiration (due to increased filling)
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aortic valve is heard where?
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right second intercostal space
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pulmonic valve heard best where?
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left second intercostal space
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mitral valve heard best where?
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apex
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tricuspid valve is heard best where?
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right sternal border
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left sided heart murmurs and abnormal heart sounds are increased in intensity during what?
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expiration (increased intrapleural pressure)
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IV drug abuser with fever, pansystolic murmur along parasternal border that increases on inspiration, distended neck veins. what is most likely diagnosis?
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infective endocarditis of tricuspid valve
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signs of AV fistula
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bruit over area, pulsatile, pressing on it causes decrease in HR
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O2 sat on right side is what?
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75%
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O2 sat on left side of heart is what?
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95%
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eisenmenger's syndrome is what?
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tardive cyanosis. --> reversal of L-to-R shunt
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what is most common teratogen with ASD associated?
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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murmur heard btwn shoulder blades caused by what?
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patent ductus arteriosus
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teratogen associated with patent ductus
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congenital rubella
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4 things in tetralogy of Fallot
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aorta straddles septum, VSD, pulmonic stenosis (below valve), pulmonic hypertrophy
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what in tetralogy of Fallot causes cyanosis?
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degree of pulmonic stenosis
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which shunts are protective in tetralogy of fallot?
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ASD and patent ductus
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what abnormalities do you get with right-to-left shunt?
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polycythemia and high risk for infective endocarditis
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