Glycolysis And Other Shenanigans (Biochemistry)

Front 1

Hemoglobin is an heterotetramer, which means?

Back 1

That it is composed of 4 portions separated into two groups. The groups are composed of differing subunits, an alpha subunit and beta subunit

Front 2

Hemoglobin can bind how many oxygen molecules? What happens as more oxygen binds?

Back 2

4; one for each subunit. As more oxygen binds, it moves the Fe it binds to into the ring below it. This movement moves the other subunits, and increases their affinity for oxygen

Front 3

Define T-State and R-state of Hemoglobin

Back 3

T-State (Tensed State) is when no oxygen is bound and has a lower affinity for oxygen. R-state (Relaxed state) is when 1-4 oxygen molecules are bound and have a higher affinity for oxygen

Front 4

What does 2,3 BPG stand for? What is it used for?

Back 4

2, 3 Bisphosphoglycerate.

It binds to hemoglobin and stabilizes the T-state, promoting the release of bonded oxygen molecules

Front 5

How do Protons and CO2 affect Hemoglobin? Why?

Back 5

Protons and CO2 (by becoming Carbonate and H+) decrease the pH, which protonate the Histidine in Hemoglobin. This allows it to interact with negative ions and stabilizes the T-state, promoting O2 release and low affinity

Front 6

Name the Structure

Back 6

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Front 7

Name this structure

Back 7

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide + (NAD+)

Front 8

Name this structure

Back 8

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide H (NADH)

Front 9

Name this sugar

Back 9

Alpha Glucose

Front 10

Name this sugar

Back 10

Beta Fructose

Front 11

What is mutarotation?

Back 11

Mutarotation is the constant forming and breaking of sugar forms, from chain to ring to chain to ring etc... This allows for effortless switching between alpha and beta forms.

Front 12

Glucose is broken down into how many molecules of pyruvate, and by what process?

Back 12

Glycolysis and 2 molecules of pyruvate

Front 13

In anaerobic conditions, how can pyruvate proceed through metabolism?

Back 13

Fermentation in yeast and single-celled organisms produces 2 ethanol and CO2, while in Multi-cellular organisms it produces 2 lactate

Front 14

How is glucose trapped in cells?

Back 14

It is phosphorlyated by hexokinase. This is irreversible and makes glucose very reactive.

Front 15

What converts Glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate?

Back 15

The enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase (Also known as phosphohexose isomerase or phosphoglucosoisomerase)

Front 16

What comes after creating the fructose-6-phosphate in glycolysis?

Back 16

We use phosphofructoskinase-1 (PFK) to transform it into Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Front 17

Aldolase works on what in Glycolysis?

Back 17

Aldolase cleaves Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Front 18

What is PFK, and why is it important?

Back 18

PFK (Phosphofructokinase-1) is the enzyme responsible for adding a phosphate onto Fructose-6-phosphate, and is the major regulatory enzyme of glycolysis

Front 19

Why is dihydroxyacetone phosphate problematic?

Back 19

Because we want all of the products of glycolysis to be identical, so we need to change it to Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate with triose phosphate isomerase

Front 20

Why is Triosphosphate Isomerase a kinetically "perfect" enzyme?

Back 20

Because it works so quickly through an enedial intermediate that it simply has to wait for diffusion to take place. As such, it is considered "perfect" in how quickly it functions

Front 21

1,3 bisphosphoglycerate is made from what molecule and uses what enzyme?

Back 21

1,3 bisphosphoglycerate is made from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and the enzyme used is glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Front 22

1,3 bisphosphoglycerate is commonly used for what purpose and why? What does it produce as a side effect?

Back 22

It is used to phosphorylate ADP into ATP as it is extremely reactive and has a high phosphorylation potential. It also produces 3-phosphoglycerate as a bonus

Front 23

What is phosphoglycerate mutase used for?

Back 23

It is used to change 3-phosphoglycerate into 2-phosphoglycerate in glycolysis

Front 24

How do you increase the phosphorlyation potential of 2-phosphoglycerate?

Back 24

Use an enolase to remove water from it, forming a double bond between carbons and creating the compound phosphoenol pyruvate

Front 25

How do you get two ATP from 3-phosphoglycerate?

Back 25

Change it into phosphoenol pyruvate (see other cards or describe), then use the enzyme pyruvate kinase to phosphorlyate ADP using them.

Front 26

What is the net equation of Glycolysis?

Back 26

Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ + 2 P(i) -->

2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH +2 H+ + 2H20

Front 27

Take a scrap sheet of paper. Draw the pathway of glycolysis through diagrams. Include all enzymes (feel free to come back to this later)

Back 27

Front 28

What does FAD stand for?

Back 28

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide. For interesting note, FAD is made using AMP (Adenine Monophosphate) and FMN, it's similar counterpart is called Flavin Mononucleotide, and is simply FAD without AMP

Front 29

Where does regulation occur in glycolysis? What enzymes regulate it?

Back 29

Regulation occurs at the irreversible reactions of glycolysis, with the enzymes Phosphofructose Kinase (PFK), Pyruvate Kinase and Hexokinase

Front 30

What is the main regulatory enzyme for glycolysis? What regulates it?

Back 30

Phosphofructose Kinase which creates Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is the key regulatory enzyme. It is inhibited by ATP, H+ and Citrate, while it is promoted by AMP and Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.

Front 31

What is the first irreversible reaction and it's corresponding enzyme in glycolysis? What promotes and inhibits the enzyme?

Back 31

The phosphorlyation of glucose is the first irreversible reaction with hexokinase. It is inhibited by it's product, glucose-6-phoshpate and is not promoted by anything.

Front 32

What enzyme turns phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate? Why is it important? What regulates it?

Back 32

Pyruvate kinase, it is important because it is irreversible and regulates glycolysis, and is promoted by Fructose-1,6 bisphosphate, and inhibited by ATP and Alanine

Front 33

What is the transformation of Pyruvate into Acetyl CoA called? What are the other products?

Back 33

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and it also produces/regenerates NADH and CO2

Front 34

What is the name of the enzyme that phosphorlyates E1 of the Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? What is it regulated by?

Back 34

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex associate kinase (PDCAK), and it is promoted by ATP, NADH and Acetyl CoA, while it is inhibited by pyruvate, ADP and NAD+.

Front 35

What does E2 of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex do, and what is it inhibited by?

Back 35

It produces Acetyl CoA and is inhibited by it's very product.

Front 36

What does E3 of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex do, and what is it inhibited by?

Back 36

It produces NADH and is inhibited by it's very product.

Front 37

What is phosphotate and what does it do? What activates it?

Back 37

It dephosphorylates E1 and thus allows it to work normally. While E1 slowly dephosphorylates itself, this is much quicker. It is activated by insulin and Ca2+ cell signaling.