Gly1880 Final Exam First Half

Front 1

An even larger volcano, ancient Krakatau, may have occupied the site of Krakatau before it also destroyed itself.

Back 1

True

Front 2

Krakatau is in:

Back 2

Indonesia

Front 3

The majority of deaths during Krakatau eruption were caused by a:

Back 3

Tsunami

Front 4

Why is this eruption the 1st natural disaster of the modern era?

Back 4

1st to be followed by a global news distribution network

Front 5

Krakatau is the only volcano in Indonesia

Back 5

False

Front 6

Krakatau occupies these straits, one of the busiest channels of commercial navigation since commerce began.

Back 6

Sunda straits

Front 7

Most of the erupoean witnesses to the pre-,syn-,and post-eruption events were:

Back 7

Abroad offshore ships

Front 8

After the eruption of Krakatau, all that was left of the volcano were small islands surrounding a

Back 8

Submarine caldera

Front 9

Sound of this eruption was the loudest noise in historical times.

Back 9

Krakatau

Front 10

Largest eruptions measured as pressure spikes on gasometer in:

Back 10

Batavia

Front 11

New volcano from submarine caldera of krak:

Back 11

Anak Krakatau

Front 12

Eruption of the ancestor to the 19th century Krakatau may have been responsible for global climate impacts noted by 535 AD:

Back 12

True

Front 13

Eruption of Krakatau

Back 13

1883

Front 14

pyroclastic surges traveled dozens of miles over water from Krakatau, some crossing the sunda straits.

Back 14

True

Front 15

Famous ocean explorer visited Krakatau more than once before its catastrophic eruption:

Back 15

Captain james cook

Front 16

Krakatau volcanism is caused by subduction into this nearby trench:

Back 16

Sunda

Front 17

Krakatau pyroclastic flows were cushioned by a layer of:

Back 17

Steam

Front 18

Batvia (now jakrrta) and Krakatau was under the administration of _____________ at the time of Krakatau cataclysmic eruption:

Back 18

The Netherlands

Front 19

Dutch controller willem beyerinck and his family were almost killed by tsunami and pyroclastic flows.

Back 19

True

Front 20

Dense concentrations of floating pumice:

Back 20

Pumice rafts

Front 21

All the islands of the lesser Antilles are volcanic.

Back 21

True

Front 22

Today, St. Pierre, martinique is uninhabited:

Back 22

False

Front 23

In what year did an eruption of mt. pelee destroy st. Pierre?

Back 23

1902

Front 24

most ships at anchor in the bay of st. Pierre also were destroyed by eruption of mt. pelee.

Back 24

True

Front 25

Volcanic eruptions can be accompanied by electrical discharges in their ash clouds.

Back 25

True

Front 26

Prior to eruption, the formation of a lake in the crater of mt. pelee was caused by:

Back 26

Rising magma pushing up groundwater.

Front 27

The walls of most buildings in st. Pierre are composed of:

Back 27

Volcanic rocks

Front 28

Some weak nuee ardentes occurred prior to the deadly mt. pelee eruption but were not cause for most of the st. Pierre population to evacuate.

Back 28

True

Front 29

The etang section of Mt. pelee was where the deadly pyroclastic flows originated from. What geologic feature was the Etang Section?

Back 29

A caldera from an older eruption

Front 30

Only 1 st. Pierre survivor lived long enough to tell of his ordeal. Where was he found

Back 30

In his jail cell

Front 31

Greatest 20th century loss of life from eruption of:

Back 31

Mt. pelee

Front 32

Martinique is an island in the:

Back 32

Windward islands of the lesser Antilles.

Front 33

Martinique is a dependent of:

Back 33

France

Front 34

The village of precheur, on te coast, was cutoff from the rest of Martinique by:

Back 34

Lahars and pyroclastic flows.

Front 35

Martinique is on the tectonic plate:

Back 35

Caribbean

Front 36

The entire island of Martinique is built almost entirely of:

Back 36

Coalsced pyroclastic flows

Front 37

Submarine cables were cut not long before the catastrophic eruption of mount pelee and probably had nothing to do with the subsurface movement of magma:

Back 37

False

Front 38

The mayor and governor advised the population to evacuate st. Pierre.

Back 38

False

Front 39

Today the principle crops of Martinique are:

Back 39

Sugar cane and bananas

Front 40

There were no eruptions on Martinique during historic times, until the year st. Pierre was destroyed:

Back 40

False

Front 41

Because of its sturdy construction which of the following st. Pierre buildings survived the eruption intact?

Back 41

None of these

Front 42

When the shallow will in the Etang section eroded away a ___________ was sent down the riviere blanche to the sea:

Back 42

Lahar

Front 43

The nuee ardente that hit st. Pierre on 5/8/1902 occurred at what time of day?

Back 43

8 am

Front 44

the French use the term pelean cloud for the type of glowing, destructive, hot avalanche of gas and ash that inundated st. Pierre.

Back 44

Nuee ardente

Front 45

What kind of volcano is mt. pelee:

Back 45

Stratovolcano

Front 46

The process that buried the Guerin rom and sugar factory also caused what to happen in st. Pierre:

Back 46

Small tsunami

Front 47

A subduction zone occurs to the _________ of the Martinique where the _________________ tectonic plate is subdivided.

Back 47

East; South American

Front 48

The needle of pelee was a tall and slender:

Back 48

Volcanic dome formed by very viscous lava pushed up through the vent.

Front 49

What destroyed the plantation and Guerin sugar and rum factory on the riviere blanche?

Back 49

A lahar

Front 50

What relationship does volcanism in the Andes have to plate tectonics?

Back 50

The andes are above a subduction zone

Front 51

The Colombian government had no knowledge of the danger of Nevado del Ruiz to surrounding communities:

Back 51

False

Front 52

Local officials in Armero were partially at fault for a lack of evacuation:

Back 52

True

Front 53

Lahars are seldom a danger when tens of kilometers from a volcano:

Back 53

False

Front 54

Nevado del Ruiz is located in the _________ mountains in the country of ___________:

Back 54

Andes; Colombia

Front 55

There had been no recent volcanic or seismic activity on Nevado del Ruiz in the months prior to the deadly Nov. 13, 1988 eruption

Back 55

False

Front 56

Swift and efficient disaster response greatly reduced the loss of life in Amero, Colombia, in the days after the disaster:

Back 56

False

Front 57

What volcanic hazard from Nevado del Ruiz was responsible for the loss of life in the village of Amero?

Back 57

A lahar

Front 58

What was the source of water to the Nevado del ruiz lahar?

Back 58

An icecap

Front 59

Do you believe that most large stratovolcanoes in the temperate to high latitudes have permanent snow and/or ice caps?

Back 59

Yes

Front 60

Volcanoes of what volcanic explosive index can generate lahars?

Back 60

Any

Front 61

How does the loss of life from the Nevado del Ruiz lahar rank in terms of 20th century volcanic disasters?

Back 61

2nd only to St. Pierre, Martinique

Front 62

The city of Armero was built on:

Back 62

The floodplain of a river draining from Nevado del Ruiz

Front 63

Unfortunately, a volcanic hazards map was not finished prior to the Nevado del Ruiz disaster:

Back 63

False

Front 64

What kind of volcano is Nevado del Ruiz?

Back 64

Stratovolcano

Front 65

Which of the following was to blame for the great loss of life in Armero?

Back 65

All of these

Front 66

Why wasn’t the volcanic eruption of Nevado del Ruiz detected on the day of Armero’s destruction?

Back 66

They knew it had erupted

Front 67

Why did people settle in the Lagunilla River Valley and Armero?

Back 67

All of these

Front 68

Most of those who died in Armero, Colombia, did so from:

Back 68

Crushing injuries and burial

Front 69

Nevado del Ruiz had no previous history of causing lahars:

Back 69

False

Front 70

Gradual mediation of limnic lakes can be achieved by:

Back 70

venting deep gas through a pipe.

Front 71

Lake Nyos is occupied what type of volcanic feature?

Back 71

Marr

Front 72

Carbon dioxide is odorless and denser than air, causing it to hug the ground.

Back 72

True.

Front 73

An even larger quantity of gas than in Lake Nyos occurs in this lake of the African Rift Valley between Rwanda and Zaire.

Back 73

Lake Kivu

Front 74

The carbon dioxide in the limnic lake bottoms of Lakes Nyos and Monoun were implaced by:

Back 74

groundwater saturated from a magmatic source beneath the lake.

Front 75

Limnic explosions are rare and generally confined to:

Back 75

tropical lakes in volcanic regions.

Front 76

Lake Nyos and Monoun expelled large quantities of this gas, killing large numbers of people.

Back 76

Carbon dioxide

Front 77

Local myths, folklore and oral traditions are potential indicators of lakes capable of limnic explosions:

Back 77

True.

Front 78

Lake Nyos is in this African country:

Back 78

Cameroon

Front 79

The massive and rapid release of gas from Lake Nyos was caused by:

Back 79

a disruption to the stratification of the lake.

Front 80

Which of the following is not monitored to detect the possibility of new activity by a volcano?

Back 80

Changes in the composition of rocks

Front 81

The Atlantic has a greater concentration of active volcanoes than the Pacific.

Back 81

False

Front 82

Researchers have found the behavior of individual volcanoes is less consistent than the behavior between the volcanoes.

Back 82

False

Front 83

Volcanic hazard maps are necessary before a volcanic risk assessment can be completed.

Back 83

True

Front 84

Which of the following is a factor in evaluating volcanic risk:

Back 84

all of these

Front 85

The United States Geological Survey maintains a volcano observatory(s) for:

Back 85

all three named locations

Front 86

Earthquake swarms are often, but not always, precursors to an eruption:

Back 86

True

Front 87

The history of volcanic activity for a specific volcano is important to assessment of its volcanic risk.

Back 87

True

Front 88

Which of the following is not a form of volcanic risk mitigation:

Back 88

forest management

Front 89

Which government agency is responsible for monitoring volcanoes deemed a risk to the public:

Back 89

United States Geological Survey

Front 90

The height of water behind a tsunami coming ashore rapidly declines because of the short wavelength of tsunami:

Back 90

False

Front 91

Waves transmit _________________ and not _________________ through the ocean.

Back 91

Energy; mass

Front 92

The deadliest known tsunami in the Mediterranean was caused by:

Back 92

The volcanic eruption of Santorini

Front 93

What is the usual height of a large tsunami in the open ocean (beyond the continental shelf)?

Back 93

Less than 1 m

Front 94

Tsunami’s are called “shallow-water” waves because:

Back 94

The entire water column moves as a tsunami passes

Front 95

Tsunami is part of __________________ derivation and means ___________________.

Back 95

Japanese; harbor waves

Front 96

The largest loss of life ever experienced by a tsunami was caused by:

Back 96

2004 Sumatra tsunami

Front 97

The majority of all recorded tsunami occurred in this ocean basin:

Back 97

Pacific

Front 98

A database of 1691 models of tsunami propagation are held by this group to help forecast tsunami arrival times:

Back 98

NOAA Center for Tsunami Research

Front 99

Earthquakes with epicenters on land do not cause tsunami:

Back 99

True

Front 100

The vast majority of tsunami are created by:

Back 100

Large earthquakes at subduction zone plate boundaries

Front 101

This island in the Atlantic is considered by some scientists as a threat to potentially create a large tsunami by the collapse of the island flank into the ocean:

Back 101

La Palma

Front 102

Wave steepness is a function of a wave height divided by:

Back 102

Wavelength

Front 103

The vertical distance between a wave crest and trough is called:

Back 103

Wave height

Front 104

There is geologic evidence that an asteroid impact once caused a tsunami in the Gulf of Mexico.

Back 104

True

Front 105

Tsunami generally have multiple crests but the first crest is always the largest:

Back 105

False

Front 106

Sometimes the first portion of a tsunami to wash ashore is the trough of the wave:

Back 106

True

Front 107

The wavelength of tsunami are generally in what range?

Back 107

More than 100 km

Front 108

Flank collapses of these Pacific Islands have created large ancient tsunami:

Back 108

Hawaiian Islands

Front 109

Tsunami speed decreases as water depth shallows.

Back 109

True

Front 110

Tsunami slow down so much in shallow water that almost all people can outrun them as they wash shore.

Back 110

False

Front 111

The base of wave-driven waves is the depth where:

Back 111

Water no longer moves in response to a passing wave

Front 112

Fortunately, most subduction zone plate boundary earthquakes are far from shorelines, allowing many hours for safe evacuation:

Back 112

False

Front 113

Wave frequency is usually expressed as:

Back 113

Wave crests/time interval

Front 114

The maximum speed of tsunami propagation through the deep ocean basins is closest to:

Back 114

750 km/hour

Front 115

Most Japanese tsunami originate from earthquakes:

Back 115

Just offshore Japan

Front 116

Trees in the Pacific Northwest add __________________ rings per year, and are dormant between the months of _________________:

Back 116

Two, August and May

Front 117

The date range of the Cascadian earthquake provided by tree ring evidence overlaps the ____________________ date of the Orphan tsunami, suggesting it was the parent of the tsunami:

Back 117

January 26th

Front 118

Studies now indicate a recurrence interval for large Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes of:

Back 118

400-500 years

Front 119

Cascadia refers to what region of the United States?

Back 119

The Pacific Northwest that is east of the Juan de Fuca plate.

Front 120

There are no subduction zones offshore Japan that might create a tsunami generating earthquake.

Back 120

False

Front 121

The 1700 Orphan tsunami in Japan had a similar height as another created when and where?

Back 121

Chile, 1960

Front 122

Tree ring dating shows that the sunken ghost forests died when?

Back 122

After the 1699 growing season and before the 1700 growing season

Front 123

Once a tsunami crosses the entire Pacific it seldom has a height of more than 5 meters.

Back 123

True

Front 124

A tsunami with no known point of origin is known as:

Back 124

Orphan tsunami

Front 125

What type of plate boundary is offshore Washington, Oregon, and Northern California?

Back 125

A subduction zone

Front 126

Historical records from South America include no reference to a large earthquake along the South America coast during 1700 AD.

Back 126

True

Front 127

During a subduction zone earthquake the leading edge of the overriding plate is released to ______________________ while near the shoreline that land _________________.

Back 127

Springs up, sinks or subsides

Front 128

Computer modeling of the Cascadia tsunami requires that it was what magnitude for it to have caused the Japanese orphan tsunami?

Back 128

8.7-9.2

Front 129

The best tree ring estimate of the 1700 Cascadian earthquake was from:

Back 129

A Sitka Spruce Root

Front 130

Fortunately, there are no significant Cascadia coastal population centers that might be impacted of another tsunami of the magnitude of Orphan tsunami:

Back 130

False

Front 131

Shoreline evidence for past tsunami along Cascadia includes:

Back 131

All of these

Front 132

The Cascadian earthquake that caused the Orphan tsunami occurred after permanent settlement of the region by people of European descent.

Back 132

False

Front 133

A published anthology of Japanese earthquakes recorded from 416 AD to 872 AD includes about how many earthquakes?

Back 133

Greater than 45,000

Front 134

The Pacific Northwest is also under risk from volcano hazards.

Back 134

True

Front 135

The height range of the Japanese Orphan tsunami was about how much:

Back 135

2-5m

Front 136

Which tsunami resulted in the greatest loss of life?

Back 136

The Sumatra tsunami of 2004

Front 137

Satellite data detected the 2004 Sumatra tsunami and warned coastal communities.

Back 137

False

Front 138

About how long did it take for the 2004 Sumatra tsunami to first reach shore?

Back 138

20 minutes

Front 139

Which one of the following countries had no casualties attributed to the 2004 Sumatra tsunami?

Back 139

South Africa

Front 140

The Earth’s rupture that caused the 2004 Sumatra tsunami and earthquake was:

Back 140

The longest ever recorded

Front 141

The 2004 Sumatra tsunami was caused by a:

Back 141

Subduction zone megathrust

Front 142

A large number of vacationing Europeans were killed in this country as a result of the 2004 Sumatra tsunami:

Back 142

Thailand

Front 143

The maximum height of the 2004 Sumatra tsunami was about:

Back 143

100 feet

Front 144

Which of the following disasters did not occur along the same tectonic plate boundary?

Back 144

1700 Orphan tsunami

Front 145

The greatest loss of life from the 2004 Sumatra tsunami occurred where?

Back 145

Northern Sumatra

Front 146

About how long did it take for the tsunami of Krakatau take to hit the surrounding shores between Java and Sumatra?

Back 146

30 minutes

Front 147

No coastline in the world is more at risk to tsunami than that of:

Back 147

Sumatra and Java

Front 148

The Krakatau tsunami were strong enough to destroy lighthouses.

Back 148

True

Front 149

None of those aboard ships in the Sunda Strait survived the Krakatau tsunami.

Back 149

False

Front 150

Geography restricted the spread of Krakatau tsunami east into the:

Back 150

Java Sea

Front 151

The farthest that the Krakatau tsunami could be detected in the Atlantic was:

Back 151

The English Channel

Front 152

Written eyewitness accounts indicate that there was only one Krakatau tsunami:

Back 152

False

Front 153

The eruption of Tambora created larger tsunami than that of Krakatau.

Back 153

False

Front 154

All the cities and villages were destroyed on this funnel-shaped bay to the north of Krakatau:

Back 154

Lampong Bay

Front 155

The Krakatau tsunami were created by:

Back 155

Pyroclastic flows into the ocean and caldera collapse

Front 156

The greatest loss of life from Krakatau tsunami was along the shorelines bordering:

Back 156

The Sunda Strait

Front 157

What two “Case Studies” involved earthquakes or volcanic eruptions that caused large tsunami?

Back 157

Santorini and Krakatau volcanic eruptions

Front 158

The Krakatau tsunami reached a maximum of how high above normal sea level?

Back 158

More than 100 feet

Front 159

The immediate tsunami death toll on the shorelines near Krakatau was estimated as:

Back 159

30,000 – 40,000

Front 160

The tsunami of Krakatau traveled farther around the world than the pressure wave from its most powerful eruption.

Back 160

False

Front 161

Which of the following shorelines is less likely to experience a tsunami?

Back 161

Gulf of Mexico

Front 162

In what remote areas of the South Atlantic were Krakatau tsunami observed?

Back 162

Cape Horn and South Georgia

Front 163

The tsunami from Krakatau were felt more strongly in which of the following regions?

Back 163

Eastern Sumatra and Western Java

Front 164

Today the capital of Indonesia is called Jakarta. What was the name of Jakarta when Krakatau erupted?

Back 164

Batavia

Front 165

Which volcano formed a caldera that created a tsunami?

Back 165

Santorini

Front 166

There were no tsunami detection buoys deployed in the Indian Ocean when the 2004 Sumatra tsunami hit.

Back 166

True

Front 167

This Pacific rim country has probably engineered and deployed the most systems for the mitigation of tsunami:

Back 167

Japan

Front 168

The shoreline always drops below low tide level before a tsunami comes ashore.

Back 168

False

Front 169

An October 2010 earthquake and tsunami on the Sumatra coast resulted in no loss of life because of newly installed tsunami warning systems.

Back 169

False

Front 170

The first tsunami crest is always the largest one.

Back 170

False

Front 171

Tetrapods and hexapods are __________________ and ______________________ pronged concrete structures used to mitigate tsunami energy.

Back 171

Four and six

Front 172

The acronym for the deep-ocean tsunami detection system is:

Back 172

DART

Front 173

Forecasts of tsunami heights are more accurate than tsunami arrival times.

Back 173

False

Front 174

The operational center for the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center is in what city?

Back 174

Honolulu, Hawaii

Front 175

An additional tsunami warning center for some North Pacific tsunami is centered in:

Back 175

Palmer, Alaska

Front 176

The first tsunami detection buoy was deployed in what year?

Back 176

1995

Front 177

Increasing vegetation along the shoreline and near shore can mitigate tsunami energy as it comes ashore.

Back 177

True

Front 178

Data transmitted from tsunami detection buoys are used to:

Back 178

Modify tsunami propagation models

Front 179

Tsunami detection buoys are connected to a seafloor device that measures:

Back 179

Pressure fluctuations on the sea bottom

Front 180

In which ocean basin is tsunami monitoring less important than the others?

Back 180

Atlantic Ocean