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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most important thing to make sure has been done before measuring glucose?
What is the exception? |
Animal is fasted
Ruminants |
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How long do you have before running glucose test?
How is glucose effected? What do you want to avoid in a patient? |
30 min
Decreases 10% per hour Excitement (esp in cats) |
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What are the three sources of blood glucose?
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1) Intestinal absorption (except with ruminants)
2) Hepatic production 3) Kidney production (minor) |
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What is the most common reason for hyperglycemia?
How does insulin effect glucose? How does glucagon effect blood glucose? |
Glucocorticoids
Lowers it Increases it |
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What increases blood glucose?
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1) Glucocorticoids
2) Catecholamines 3) Glucagon 4) Growth hormone |
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What are two causes of increased insulin levels that cause hypoglycemia?
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insulinoma
insulin overdose (more common) |
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Other than due to insulin, what are other causes of hypoglycemia?
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) Sepsis
2) Hepatic failure 3) Neonatal/juvenille hypoglycemia |
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What is a toxic cause of hypoglycemia in some dogs?
How? What else can it cause? |
Xylitol
Causes insulin release Hepatic necrosis |
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If BG is < 60 mg/dl, what should insulin do?
If BG < 60 mg/dl with high insulin? |
Decrease
Inappropriate insulin release, probably insulinoma |
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What glucose disorder can pancreatitis cause?
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hyperglycemia
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What glucose disorder can ethylene glycol toxicosis cause?
What percent will you see this? How? |
Hyperglycemia
50% Aldehyde (one of the early metabolites) inhibit glucose uptake |
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What causes glucosuria?
Renal threshold has been exceeded for glucose |
Exceeded renal threshold for glucose
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What glycated protein is used to diagnose diabetes mellitus?
What does this rule out? What time period does it reflect blood glucose levels? |
Fructosamine
Transient hyperglycemia 2-3 weeks |
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What are not picked up by dipsticks?
Are ketones specific for diabetes mellitus? |
β-hydroxybutyrate
No |
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How does lack of insulin effect electrolytes? How is water and potassium and phosphorus effected in severe hyperglycemia?
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Decrease
Shifted to ECF |
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What liver abnormalities can occur with Diabetes Mellitus?
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Hepatic lipidosis, cholestasis, increased ALP, GGT and total bilirubin
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hat can hyperlipemia lead to or be caused by?
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Pancreatitis
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What are values that are common to see increased in a cat caused by excitement?
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Glucose, neutrophils,
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What is the function of the exocrine pancreas?
What is the best test to diagnose pancreatitis? |
Produces the enzymes to digest food
Pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI) |
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Is amylase or lipase specific for pancreatic injury?
Is it sensitive? What can you say if it's 2-4 times the upper end of reference interval? |
No
No There is pancreatic injury |
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What can cause an increase in lipase in dogs?
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steroids or Adisons disease
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What does increased levels of amylase and lipase in peritoneal fluid (as compared to serum) mean?
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Suggestive of pancreatitis or intestinal perforation
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When is TLI specific?
Is PLI pancreas lipase specific? |
If no azotemia or dexamethasone
Yes |
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What liver effects might you see with pancreatitis?
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Increased liver enzymes
Cholestasis Hepatocyte necrosis |
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Do cats often show clinical signs of pancreatitis?
Are amylase or lipase valuable in cats? What test is best? |
No
No PLI |
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What other two associated dzs are commonly seen with pancreatitis?
Do cats or dogs have more bacteria in the area of the pancreatic duct opening? |
Cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease
Cats |
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What is the gold standard for a definitive disease of pancreatitis?
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Biopsy
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