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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the principle organ for Gluconeogenesis?
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Liver
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List the six different carbon sources for glucose.
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Lactate(cori cycle)
Alanine (Alanine Cycle) Glycerol (early) Alpha keto acids (Late) Proprionic acid (odd chain FA) monosaccharides |
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were to Alanine and Cori cycle happen? what are the energy cost of each
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Liver and Muscle
Alanine --> 12 ATP Cori --> 6 ATP |
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Where does energy needed for gluconeogenesis come from?
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Fat oxidation.
Acetyl-CoA is the carbon source. |
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What are the two major Amino Acids in the blood?
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Glutamine and Alanine
Glutamine is used as a nitrogen source for DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells. Alanine is used to generate glucose. |
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What two amino acids can't be used in gluconeogenesis?
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Lysine and Leucine
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True or False: Reversal of every enzyme in glycolysis forms glucose.
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False
Three steps are irreversible 1. hexokinase 2. Phosphofructokinase 3. Pyruvate Kinase |
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True or False: only the liver can release glucose into the blood via a glucose-6-phosphatase in the ER
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True
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What disease is associated with a dificiency of pyruvate kinase?
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Hemolytic anemia
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How common is hemolytic anemia? and are two signs and symptoms?
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5 per 100,000 people
Name two of any of the following Gallstones Enlarged spleen Tachypnea Tachycardia pallor Splenectomy Bone marrow transplant Blood transfusions |
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Name two enzymes needed to reverse pyruvate kinase
which one is rate limiting |
Pyruvate caroxylase
PEP carboxykinase--> rate limiting |
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This is hard, but I want you to name all the steps and all the enzymes required for gluconeogenesis.
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a. Alanine is processed into glucose via the alanie cycle:
i. Alanine --> pyruvate (via Alanine aminotransferase) b. Lactate is processed into glucose via Cori Cycle i. Lacate --> pyruvate (via lactate dehyrogenase) c. Pyruvate becomes oxaloacetate to produce glucose… i. Pyruvate --> oxaloacetate (via Boitin(vitamin cofactor) and pyruvate carboxylase) d. Oxaloacetate has two pathways to become glucose i. OAA-->Malate (via malate dehydrogenase) ii. OAA--> Aspartate (via Aspartate aminotransferase) *Note, Both malate and aspartate are transitory as they are only used to shuttle carbon out of the mitochondrion. |
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Why does alcohol inhibit gluconeogenesis?
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g. Alcohol inhibits gluconeogenesis by increasing the amount of NADH present in the cell. This prevents Lactic acid dehydogenase and Malate dehydrogenase from working.
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How does acetyl-CoA force pyruvate into gluconeogenesis and away from the TCA cyle?
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a. Acetyl-CoA inhibits Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and increases the activity of pyruvate carboxylase.
Bonus -->This happens because during beta-oxidation as lots of NADH, ATP and Acetyl-CoA are produced. |
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What two factors regulate pyruvate carboxylase activity?
What is important cofactor for pyruvate carboxylase? |
Acetyl CoA increases activity
ADP decreases activity. Boiton is cofactor |
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What two things regulate phophoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity
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Glucagon increases protein synthesis of PEP carboxykinase
Insulin decreases synthesis. |
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what enzyme reverses phosphofructokinase-1 and how is it regulated?
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Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase reverses phosphofrucokinase-1
Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate inhibits Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase |
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what is the purpose of futile cycling?
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Amplify metabolic signals
Generate heat |
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9. How does citrate help to prevent futile cycling?
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a. Citrate stimulates Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and inhibits phosphofructokinase-1.
b. Citrate does for gluconeogenesis what cAMP and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate do for glycolysis… |
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8. How does AMP help to prevent futile cycling?
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a. AMP inhibits Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and stimulates phosphofructokinase-1.
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7. How does fructose 2,6-bisphosphate help to prevent futile cycling?
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a. fructose 2,6-bisphosphate greatly increases glycolysis by inhibiting Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and stimulating phosphofructokinase-1
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What disease is a genetic defect in Raynodine receptor which causes extra Ca to be released. This Ca causes heat through futile cycling of ATP-dependent Ca re-uptake.
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Malignant hyperthermia
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What is the insidence of Malignant hyperthermia? An how is it treated?
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1:15,000
Ice packs/ cooling blankets, lasix/ mannitol/ fluids, IV Dantroleene, and bicarb |
