Globalization & Urbanization

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urbanization

Back 1

process by which number of people living in urban areas increases, shift in populations living in rural to urban areas

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regions in which earliest cities existed

Back 2

Middle East
Pakistan
China
sub-Sahran Africa
Central/South America

(GLOBAL SOUTH)

Front 3

urbanization occurs in Europe when...

Back 3

colonialism emerges

Front 4

first 4 European/American global cities

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1. Genoa/Venice (Med. world trading, also w/ China)
2. Amsterdam (trade w/ India)
3. London/Paris (FR/GB empires emerge)
4. New York

Front 5

today: urbanization returning to Global South

Back 5

more than 50% of world population lives in cities, most of this group lives in cities in Global South

→ spectacular urban landscapes modeled after western cities emerging in global south (western urban design)

Front 6

the paradox of north/south urbanization

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southern cities now demographically dominate in terms of population size, but these massive cities in the south don’t dominate political/economic global relations, northern cities = still core of global economic momentum

Front 7

How can cities prosper in the face of globalization?

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1) agglomeration economies

2) urbanization economies

3) benefits of face to face communication

4) tacit knowledge

5) inequality

Front 8

agglomeration economies

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beneficial for companies that are economically related to one another to work in the same geographic space (benefits of proximity)

ex- film industry in LA- ecosystem of related firms

Front 9

urbanization economies

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certain characteristics of specific cities that attract certain industries (reputation, resources, labor force, connectivity of the city)

benefits of large cities (i.e. int’l airports, large/sophisticated/diverse labor force, extensive resources, cutting edge tech, consumer market)

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benefits of face to face communication

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in increasingly digitized world, still makes big difference to interact face to face (not replaced by globalized connectivity)

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tacit knowledge

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knowledge that can’t be written down and codified

--> what’s being transferred in face to face communications (i.e. body language, intonation, etc.)

Front 12

inequality

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more globally influential cities are generally more economically unequal that less globally influential cities

Front 13

cities as loci for economic competitiveness

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• attracting investors to a city (good business climate)

• places where economic innovation & dynamism occur

• urban entrepreneurialism of city officials

Front 14

geography of innovation (# of patents)

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concentrated in global cities (Tokyo, S. Korea, Germany, East/West coast of US)

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global cities

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huge cities that are not only globally connected, but globally influential in politics, economics, culture, etc.

-non global cities aspire to this

Front 16

mega cities

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very large cities that may or may not be globally influential

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how to become a global city (generally)

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taking what is normal in NY/London/Tokyo & saying you have to do things to same way if you hope to achieve this kind of prosperity

→ norms associated w/ global cities propagated to cities in urban south to make them GLOBAL IN STATUS

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examples of steps to be taken to become a more global city

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formalizing private land markets, key to wealth = private ownership of land (de Soto)

streets only to be used for efficient transportation

making "green" cities competitive

Front 19

symbiosis between wealth and poverty in global cities

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impoverishment itself can help create huge wealth and exclusive lifestyles/spaces

globa cities are some of most unequal places in world

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CASE STUDY- Jakarta, Indonesia

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see study guide