Globalization Midterm Terms

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State

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Corporate body exercising sovereign political power over a particular geographic region **states are corporate bodies**

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Product of the State

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Security (Thomas Hobbes), protection for yourself FROM WHAT? other individuals, other states and from itself

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State Sovereignty

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State controls everything within its boundaries

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Sovereign Political Power

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State is considered to be the highest authority since there is no higher power than the state AND states are defined geographically b/c states have agreed their sovereign power exists within their borders

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Bargain with the state

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Obedience, taxes and service (i.e. jury duty)

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Development of Modern State System (Europe in the 1400s)

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Life was nasty, brutish, short and solitary unless you were a local lord of King

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Development of the Modern State System (1494-1559)

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French attacks on Italian peninsula in attempt to weaken the most powerful European family, the Hapsburgs
-break up holy Roman empire across Europe

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Development of Modern State System (1496-Beginning of Reformation)

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Martin Luther proposed Catholic Church was horrible and corrupt

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Development of Modern State System (1618-1648 thirty years war)

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one of the most devastating wars in European history--population reduced by 50% at the end of war
-Impact of 30 years War
*power of the smallest lords destroyed
*rulers forced to centralize power
*Unity of the Christian World shattered
**armies were switching sides in middle of battles

Result of the War
-Treaties of Westphalia (1648) led to the development of the modern state system

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What did new states look like?

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-armies were controlled by state (ex. promotions for being loyal)
-rise of bureaucracy (ex. help to collect taxes)
-intellectual development--"reason for state"

*King Lois XIV contributed these facts
-he invited aristocracy to court in order to control uprisings and he wanted to weaken the aristocratics' power

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Rise of Nationalism (1700's enlightment)

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People began to think of themselves as individuals with the ability to think/reason

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Rise of Nationalism (1789)

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The French Revolution made the subject into a citizen

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What is a Nation?

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A people that sees itself as sharing a common identity and future NOT defined by geography or loyalty to a state

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What is a nation-state?

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State that rules essentially all of one nation and essentially none of any other (ex. North Korea, Japan, the Vatican)

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Importance of State to Globalization

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-The state continues to be the basis of global politics
-We tend to see ourselves as belonging to a nation, a state, a nation-state
-States continue to be very protective of their sovereignty

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Billiard Balls Diagram

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We used to think of the intl system as being made up of like units--states w/ similar interests. These 'black boxes' were organized according to their strength
(ex. US and Soviet Union at the top--superpowers, Britain--major power, Sri Lanka--minor power)

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Complex Interdependence

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-Multiple Actors: IGOs (UN), NGOs (Green Peace), INGOs, MNCs or TNCs, individuals, states or political powers
-Multiple Paths of Communication
*pre-WWI there was more globalization w/ less state boundaries
-Increased interaction leads to decreasing chance of major clashes(i.e. war)
-Decreased effectiveness of the military to resolve disputes

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Scholte's 5 approaches to Globalization

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1) Globalization as internationalization--interdependence
2) Globalization as liberalization--free trade
3) Globalizationas universalization--spreading of ideas
4) Globalization as Westernization or modernization--neocolonialism
5) Globalization as deterritorialization--changes in the way we see borders and territory

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Adam Smith and the Invisible Hand

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1)There is a benevolent deity who wants humans to maximize their happiness
2)The world is perfect as it is and no one is really happier than anyone else
3) Our nature leads us to think that we would be happier if we were wealthier
4) This leads us to struggle to become wealthier, thus increasing the sum total of human happiness via the mechanisms of exchanges and divisions of labor

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Liberalism and Global Politics

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The individual is the most important unit of analysis
The state should protect the individual (particularly by protecting property) BUT should not limit individual freedom

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Joseph Schumpeter (1942 Free Trade=World Peace)

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-Capitalism and democracy are forces for peace
-Capitalism produces unwarlike disposition
-Rational people demand democracy
-Only war profiteers and military aristocrats gain from war--true capitalism prevents war
**but in the face of capitalism, people started to vote for more welfare from the state (ex. FDR New Deal)

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Marx & Engels: Dialectical Materialism

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-Progress is not Linear and accepted truths must always be questioned
-Society is shaped by its mode of production (ex. Fordism--cars made by assembly line)
-Economics:Driving force of society and politics. Each mode of production will lead to its own destruction

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Thesis+Antithesis=Synthesis

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-Thesis: Feudalism (agriculture, aristocratic classes) ex. breaking up lands
-Anti-thesis: Emerging technologies (move to cities, new merchant)
-Synthesis: Feudalism collapses, rise of capitalism, Progress not always positive

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Breakdown of Thesis+Antithesis=Synthesis

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Thesis: Capitalism is great
Anti-thesis: Capitalism creates inequalities between owners (bourgeoisie) and workers (proletarians)
Synthesis: Workers rise up, demand equality=socialism

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Timeline of Progress

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Slavery=>Feudalism=>Capitalism=>Socialism

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World Systems Theory (Immanuel Wallerstein 1987)

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-Capitalism is a world-wide phenomenon
-The world is divided into 3 divisions
1. Core--Highly industrialized and undominated states (free)
2. Semi-Periphery--serves the core, usually developing countries like India, Brazil
3. Periphery--Underdeveloped and dominated by both core and semi-periphery states

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Dependency Theory

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-A form of neocolonialism
1. The state is subordinate to the bourgeoise class
2. Economic controls exerted by capitalist states over developing states
3. Willing elites (comprador class) exploit their own people
*Sierra Leone blood diamonds
4. Developing states entirely dependent on developed states

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What is the International Monetary Fund?

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IMF's primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system—the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries (and their citizens) to transact with one other. This system is essential for promoting sustainable economic growth, increasing living standards, and reducing poverty.

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What is the World Bank?

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A vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world. Their mission is to fight poverty with passion and professionalism for lasting results and to help people help themselves and their environment by providing resources, sharing knowledge, building capacity and forging partnerships in the public and private sectors.

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UN Development Goals for 2015

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1. Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development
**should come up w/ solutions tailored for specific communities

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What are civil liberties? Negative liberties?

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-Liberties granted by the state

-Something people are free from

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What are human rights?

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-A universal set of ethical principles that seek to ensure the equal worth of each life and apply it to ALL people

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What are the 3 components of human rights?

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1. Universal
-Human rights belong to each person regardless of race, ethnicity, sexuality, gender, age, religion or political conviction
2. Incontrovertible
-Absolute and innate, Do not require specific duties
3. Subjective
-Human rights are the property of individual subjects b/c of an individual's capacity for rationality(access to all options available and then weigh them), agency(capable of acting on own behalf) and autonomy (control of own decisions)

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Origins of the idea of Human Rights

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-Greek stoics and Roman counterparts (e.g. Cicero and Seneca): idea of citizens of the world
-Thomas Aquinas(13th century): human dignity and value are innate properties
*women, slaves and some men weren't included

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Enlightment Thinkers

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-alternatives to "divine right of kings"
-John Locke: 'natural rights'--rights that are ours by virtue of being human
*3 natural rights: Life, liberty and property
-Rousseau: The community must represent the general will of the people

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Kant and the Categorical Imperative (18th century)

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-human rights as an ethical practice
1. respecting human dignity and respect human rights
2. Sole incontrovertible right: right to freedom and innate dignity of human beings

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Catergorical Imperative

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-Morality must be impartial and involve equality for everyone
-People are ends in themselves (care about the well-being of the people)
-You should expect and demand freedom, but have responsibilities towards other human beings
*a violation of rights should be felt as a violation everywhere like genocides

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Problems with upholding human rights

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-Universality:
1. Does natural law exist?
2. Can rights exist before societies exist?
3. Problem of cultural differences
a. Western bias?
b. Cultural Relativism?

-Incontrovertible
1. Hierarchy of rights: what if your rights conflict with mine?
-Does common good mean relying on the rights of the majority?

-Subjectivity
1. Problem of the rational agent
2. Problem of individuality vs. the community

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Condition for rights

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-What do people need in order to realize their rights in the best possible way?
1. healthy environment
2. Absence of war
3. adequate social and economic development
4. Healthy, functional communities

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Human Rights Laws

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-1948: Universal Declarations of Human Rights
-1966:
=International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
=Human Rights Commission, High Commissioner for Refugees, High Commission for Human Rights

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International Law

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-Human Rights Law
-International Humanitarian Law
* Enforceable due to the Geneva Convention of 1864. Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, and the four Geneva Conventions of 1949

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Geneva Conventions of 1949

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1. Prevention of human rights violations during war
2. Prevention of mistreatment of prisoners during war
3. Prevention of mistreatment of civilians during war
4. 1977: protections for victims of international and non-international armed conflict (different than war)

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Problems With Enforcing Human Rights Laws

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1.No court with power to enforce laws and punish violations
2. Reliance on domestic courts (UK Human Rights Act of 2000, Pinochet case of 1998, EU Court of Human Rights)
3. International Criminal Court, Rome 1998: issues of sovereignty, universal jurisdiction, politicized justice

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NGO and Globalization (League of Nations-1910)

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132 international NGOs decided to cooperate: Union of International Associations

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Role of NGOs in the UN

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A. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) - through pressure from NGOs, became the principal organ of the UN during 1945 San Francisco meeting
B. Article 70 of UN Charter:
1."specialized agencies, established by intergovernmental agreement" could "participate without a vote in deliberations"
2. Article 71: "NGOs could have suitable arrangements for consultation"

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Features of UN-recognized NGOs

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A. Characteristics
1.Independent of direct control of government
2.Not constituted as a political party
3.Non-profit making
4.Not a criminal group
5.Non-violent
**Blurring Boundaries
1.Some NGOs may be associated with a political party (and are supposed to be unbiased)
ex. NDI, IRI
2.Some may generate income: social entrepreneurship?
ex. consultancies, publications
3. Some are associated with violent political protests
ex. Greenpeace

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What is an NGO?

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An independent voluntary association of people acting together on a continuous basis, for some common purpose, other than achieving government office, making money, or illegal activities

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Structures of NGOs

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A. Global Hierarchies with strong central authority or loose federal arrangement
B. May be based in a single country that operates transnationally
C. May be an umbrella NGO, providing an institutional structure for different NGOs that don't share a common identity
D. Grassroots or community based organizations (CBOs) who form coalitions

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NGOs vs. Social Movements

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A. Social movements are often seen as broader and more dynamic (always changing)
B. NGOs are COMPONENTS of social movements
C. Social movements are part of civil society

**Public sphere(govt, business)==>civil society(spheres of associations)==>Private sphere(family)

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What is sex?

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Biological distinction between male and female

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What is gender?

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Identity of person
*Hegemonic masculinity: nation, stae ruling over another group--what we consider masculine
ex.more women in college classes (educational rankings in women) and in the movies

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What is patriarchy? Questions about negative aspect of Patriarchy

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-A way of organizing social life such that men are privileged over women economically, politically and culturally
-Seems to be universal cultural trait

-Is it harmful to both men and women? Men feel pressured and women can have lack of opportunities
-Does this also affect the way that states deal with each other?

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What is feminism?

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Movements aimed at establishing and defending equal political, economic, and social rights and equal opportunities for women. These rights include legal protection and inclusion in politics, business, and scholarship, and recognition and building of women's cultures and power

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State and Security

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-State has been ineffective in protecting its citizens, particularly women
1. women often seen as legitimate targets of violence
2. violence against women seen as a "private" matter

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Women's Empowerment

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-Women must be empowered if issues of poverty, violence, and instability are to be resolved
1.increasing #s of women in economies creates economic growth and stability (ex. microlending- Grameen Bank)

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Socialization

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-Why can't men be more like women?
*Patriarchy as a critical problem
*Need for greater women's political participation
*Gender Quotas: guarantee there are equal amount of women & men on ballots; for Parliament several parties on ballot you would vote for BUT not a particular system

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Top 5 countries with women in Parliament

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1. Rwanda
2. Sweden
3. South Africa
4. Cuba
5. Iceland

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Women and Alternative Governance

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-States are hierarchically organized, with men as the majority of leaders
-NGOs tend to be less hierarchically than IGOs (networks rather than hierarchy)
-Women have found access to global governance through INGOs

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Human Rights and Women Rights

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There are an estimated 100 million missing women in the world due to to high mortality rates, violence, neglect, infanticide and selective abortion (Amartya Sen-nobel-prize winning economist man)

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"Human Rights" and "Women's Rights"

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-Human rights usually considered violations committed by the state
-In the past, UN mainly concerned w/ public political realm
-Most violations of women's rights, however, occur in the 'private' realm of the family or through cultural practices

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UN Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

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-Adopted in 1979 and became intl law in 1981
-US continues to refuse to ratify the treaty

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CEDAW

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-Right to vote and participate in politics
-Right to equality in education
-Right to acquire, change or retain a nationality
-Right to employment
-Right to health care
-Right to participate in economics/social life
-Equality w/ women before the law
-Right to family planning--when, how, how many, how often
**what US hasn't accepted

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Different than Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

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-"Elimination of prejudices and other customary practices which are based on the idea that one sex is superior or inferior to the other, or based on strereotypical roles for men and women

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Women's Rights and Culture

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1. Female Genital Mutilation: customary in many cultures mostly central Africa
*infibulation: The practice of surgical closure of the labia majora (outer lips of the vulva) by sewing them together to partially seal the vagina, leaving only a small hole for the passage of menstrual blood

2. Insurgent FGMs: older women doing processes on younger women

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Dowry Deaths/Bride Burnings

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1. Husbands often engineer an 'accident' frequently the bursting of a kitchen stove when they feel the obligatory marriage dowry (gifts from in-laws) is not enough
ex. in india, 5000+ women are killed each yr

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Honor Killings

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An ancient practicein which men kill female relatives in the name of family honor for forced or suspected sexual activity outside marriage even when they have been victims of rape

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Female infanticide

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-Abortion of a fetus b/c it is female or the killing of an infant by a relative b/c it is female
-Practiced as a brutal method of family planning in societies where male children are still valued economically and socially above girls

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Forced Sterilization

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-Women enforced to obtain permits before becoming pregnant
-No one under age 22 can become pregnant
-China's 1 child policy is often maintained through forced sterilization

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Sex Slavery and Trafficking

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-4 million women/girls are trafficked annually (UN)
-An estimated 1 million children, mostly girls enter the sex trade each ye (UNICEF)

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NGOs, Domocracy and Civil Society

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-In practice, NGOs may be political and controversial (Ex. Amnesty Intl Report 2005--the state of the world's human rights==>struck hard on US about torture during war in Iran

-There is no difference between role of NGOs in domestic and global politics--they can be of major political influence

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NGOs and Democratic Processes

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Are NGOs always progressive? Always for the "public good"? is it always right?

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Government Attitudes

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-criticism causes resentment
-Do NGOs represent the "voice of the people" ?
-Violence by some NGOs may make others look bad
-Govts will work w/ NGOs when they are perceived to be allies **formulate agendas/policies quicker than the govt**

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Global Policy Making

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-States still the main players
-While some NGOs have influence, civil society participations still fairly thin
-civil society powers limited to persuasion

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Different forms of engagement

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-Campaigns and public protests (persuasion)
*ex. Jubilee 2000: relieve developing countries from debt
-Multi-Stakeholder dialogues: World Commission on Dams
-Convincing national govts ex. Canada
-Formal interactions w/ multilateral institutions

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Why should civil society be engaged?

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-To confer legitimacy on policy decisions
-To increase pool of policy ideas
-To support less powerful govts
-To counter a lack of political will
-To help states put nationalism on the side

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Idea of Democracy

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-Voting (thin description)
-Question Govt and freedom of speech (thick description)

*Sweden most democratic country in the world ex. constitutional monarchy
*N. Korea is least democratic country in the world

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Criteria for Measuring Country Democracy

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-electoral process
-functioning of Govt
-political participation
-political culture
-civil liberties

*Britain and US ranked lower, why? Decline in civil liberties and political participation AND war on "terror" has made US less democratic at home?

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CH 19: The Global Economy: Organization, Governance and Development by Gary Gereffi

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-three new aspects of modern world trade
1. a. rise of intra-industry and intra-product trade in intermediate inputs
2. ability of producers to “slice up the value chain”, by breaking a production process into many geographically separated steps
3. emergence of a global production networks framework that highlights how these shifts have altered governance structures and the distribution of gains in the global economy

-Industrial Upgrading refers to the process by which economic actors –nations, firms and workers—move from low-value to relatively high-value activities in global production networks

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CH. 20: Incensed about Inequality by Martin Wolf

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b. Global inequality among households, or individuals peaked in the 1970s, whereupon it started to fall; this decline happened not because of greater equality within countries, but because of greater population-weighted equality among them

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CH 30: The emergence and transformation of the international women’s movement by Nitza Berkovitch

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a.The existence of the intl women’s movement visibly enacts the concept of transnationalism and thus boost our tendency to see the world as a single global social system ⇒shaped world’s cultures’ content and structure
b.Transnational movements in general and the women’s movement in particular cannot be reduced to the interests of one hegemonic region
i.Rising tension between women in the North and South

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CH 31: The evolution of debates over female genital cutting by Elizabeth Heger Boyle

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-Feminist mobilization in the 1970s spurred the international system to take a new look at FGC
-By the mid 1990s feminist arguments concerning women’s rights as human rights and violence against women became the dominant basis for action by IGOs

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CH 32: World Culture in the World Polity by John Boli and George Thomas

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-World has been conceptualized as a unitary social system, increasingly integrated by networks of exchange, competition, and cooperation, such that actors have found it “natural” to view the whole world as their arena of action and discourse

-Five world cultural principles that underlie INGO ideology/structures:
1) Universalism⇒Humans everywhere have similar needs and desires, can act in accordance with common principles of authority and action, and share common goals
2. Individualism⇒most INGOs accept members as individuals or associations of individuals
3. Rational voluntaristic authority
4. Human Purposes: dialectics of rationalizing progress
5. World Citizenship

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CH 34: Power Shift by Jessica Matthews

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•Most powerful engine of change in the relative decline of states and the rise of nonstate actors is the computer and telecommunications revolution, whose deep political and social consequences have been almost completely ignored

•The absolutes of the Westphalian system—territorially fixed states where everything of value lies within some state’s borders; a single, secular authority governing each territory and representing it outside its borders; and no authority above the states—are all dissolving

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Ch 35: The Backlash against NGOs by Michael Bond

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•International civil society is not a homogenous forum of altruistic groups fighting for a common outcome
oNGOs like political parties since they depend on their members for funding and answer to them for their policies BUT they are unlike political parties in that they are not accountable to the electorate⇒main responsibility to themselves

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CH 6: Modern World System as a capitalist world-economy by wallerstein

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-core processes
-semi-periphery processes
-peripheral processes

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CH 24: Globalism's Discontents by Stiglitz

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Stiglitz argues that IMF policies contributed to bringing about the East Asian financial crisis, as well as the Argentine economic crisis. Also noted was the failure of Russia's conversion to a market economy and low levels of development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Specific policies criticised by Stiglitz include fiscal austerity, high interest rates, trade liberalization, and the liberalization of capital markets and insistence on the privatization of state assets.

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CH 10: Globalization as a Problem by Robertson

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-Globalization refers in this particular sense to the coming into, often problematic, conjunction of different forms of life
-Globalization as a concept refers both to the compression of the world and intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole

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CH 21: Is globalization reducing poverty and inequality by Wade

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-Falling inequality is thus not a generalized feature of the world economy even by the most favorable measure

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CH 7: Sociology of the Global System by Sklair

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Under conditions of capitalist globalization, TNCs strive to control global capital and material resources, the TCC strives to control global power and the transnational agents and the institutions of the culture-ideology of consumerism strive to control the realm of ideas

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CH 8: Realism and complex interdependence by Keohane and Nye

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Political realists believe intl politics is a struggle for power but, unlike domestic politics, a struggle dominated by organized violence

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CH 26: Declining authority of states by Strange

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Impersonal forces of world markets, integrated over the postwar pd more by private enterprise in finance, industry and trade than by the cooperative decisions of govts are now more powerful than the states to whom ultimate political authority over society and economy is supposed to belong