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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Allah
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The one and only God
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Muhammad
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A man who was called upon by the Angel Gabriel to be a messenger; was convinced he was the last of the prophets, and spread the word that Allah was the one and only God and that all other Gods must be abandoned
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Islam
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A religion that believes in Allah, has Heaven + Hell + day of judgement, and that everyone is responsible for his/her actions; holy book is the Qur'an
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Muslim
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A follower/believer of Islam
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Khadijah
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Muhammad's wife who was also his business partner, and was one of her husband's first followers
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Hijrah
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Muhammad's + followers pilgrimage to Yathrib in order to get away from the hostility of many Meccans
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Mecca
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A very important stop on the trade route; where Muhammad was born
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Medina
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What Muhammad named Yathrib, meaning "City of the Prophet"; here, Muhammad was a political leader to his people, the Arabs and Jews, was a relgious leader to people who found the message/ messenger appealing, + became a military leader in the hostilities between Mecca + Medina
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Ka'aba
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A simple house of worship in Mecca, which Arabs associated with Abraham, believer in one God; however, housed many other idols which Muhammad later destroyed
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Umma
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Muslim community; when Muhammad came back to Mecca, many Meccans converted to Islam, becoming part of this
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Qur'an
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Islam holy book, which included the revelations of Muhammad
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Hajj
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The pilgrimage to Mecca, which Muslims are expected to make at least once in their life
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Sunna
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Muhammad's example, which Muslims follow in their daily lives
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Shari'a
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A body of law that combines the Qur'an + Sunna, that Muslims can use in their daily lives; brings all aspects of life together + brings a sense of unity to all Muslims
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Why is Arabia's location a good one for trade?
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Because it is in the middle of three continents, has the silk roads to the east; trade routes ran from south to Byzantine + Sassanid empires in north
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What occurred during Muhammad's revelation? What did he believe his purpose was?
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Angel Gabriel spoke to him telling him he was messenger of God; Muhammad believed lord through voice of Angel was Allah, and that he was supposed to teach that Allah is one + only God and all other Gods must be abandoned
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Why was Muhammad forced to leave Mecca? Where did he go?
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Because followers were being attacked; Yathrib, which he later named Medina
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Identify + describe 5 pillars of Islamic life
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Faith-Must believe that Allah is one + only God, and Muhammad is messenger of God
Prayer-5 times a day, facing towards Mecca, at mosque, or anywhere Alms-Give money to poor through religious tax Fasting-During ramadan, nothing to eat between dawn + sunset, but simple meal eaten at end of day Pilgrimage(Hajj)- To Mecca at least once in lifetime |
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Why is Islam reffered to as "a way of life?"
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Because religious life is not separated from personal life-not allowed to eat pork or drink alcohol, friday afternoons are set aside for communal prayer + worship
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List + describe commonalities between Christianity, Judaism + Islam
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All Monotheistic
All trace ancestry back to Abraham All have heaven, hell + day of judgement All have holy books regarded as word of God |
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Abu-Bakr
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The first caliph,and was a loyal friend of Muhammad, who used military force to reassert the authority of Muhammad's successors in Muslim community
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People of the Book
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Christians + Jews, who received special consideration
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jizya
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poll tax, for keeping own religion, property, etc.
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Umayyads
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Family that came to power who abandoned simple life of previous caliphs and surrounded themselves with wealth + cerremony as if they were non-Muslim rulers, causing their to be a division in Muslim community
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Shi'a
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A group who thought that caliphs needed to be related to Muhammad (means "party of Ali")
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Sunni
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A group who did not resist Ummayad rule in order to keep peace, but thought this family was losing touch with their religion as a result of being too caught up with worldly affairs
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Sufi
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Another group who dealt with the luxurious life of Umayyads by pursuing a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path; tried to conect with God through mystical means such as meditation or chanting
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Abbasids
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The most powerful group that overthrew the Umayyads, who moved capital to Baghdad to solidy power, which gave caliph access to trade goods, gold, and information about parts of empire in Asia, Africa, + Europe; developed strong buraeucracy to conduct empire's affairs whose strenth lied in former Persian lands, including Iraq, Iran, + central Asia; decline due to not being able to keep complete political control of immense territory
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Fatimid
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Dynasty named after Muhammad's daughter Fatima, which began in North Africa + spread across Red Sea to western Arabia + Syria
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Cordoba
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Where Muslim merchants traveled from, where there was a cultural blending of people
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Identify the reasons Muslims were successful in conquering others
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Armies were well disciplined + expertly commanded, tactics enabled them to overwhelm forces unaccustomed to style of warfare, weakness in two empires north of Arabia, success of persecution of Byzantine + Persian who did not support Christianity or Zoroastrianism
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How did Muslims treat the non-Muslims they conquered?
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People who wanted to keep religion had to serve in military, except for "people of the book" who paid a poll tax
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What changes did the Umayyads bring to the Muslim Empire?
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Set up hereditary system of succession, moved capital to Damascus, which made controlling conquered territories easier
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What changes did the Abbasids bring to the Muslim Empire?
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Moved capital to Baghdad, because location of key trade routes, developed a strong bureaucracy
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What advantages did Muslim merchants + traders have?
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Sea-trading zones of Mediterranean Sea + Indian Ocean linked empire into world system of trade; land network connected Silk Roads with Europe + Africa; only needed Arabic + Abbasid dinar
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What were the major Muslim cities? What made these cities so impressive?
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Damascus-cultural center of Islamic learning, fine cloth called damask + outstanding steel swords + armor
Baghdad-distinctive circular design formed by three circular protective walls, population approached 1 million at peak |
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Identify + describe four social classes
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1. Muslims @ birth
2. Coverts to Islam-paid higher tax than upper class 3. "Protected people"(Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians)-paid even higher tax 4. Non-muslim slaves-may were prisoners of war, + they frequently performed housework or fought in military |
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Describe the status of women
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As believers, men + women were equal, but men were managers of women's affairs; had rights involving marriage, family + property; women could file for divorce, + have share of inheritance, etc;in early days, women could get education + participate in public life
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Muslim achievements-Medicine
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medicine-Persian scholar al-Razi was greatest physician of Muslim world + wrote encyclopedia called Comprehensive Book that drew on knowledge from many different sources as well as own experiences;wrote another book a Treatise on small pox and Measles; believed patients would recover quicker if breathing clean air; made recommendation for hospital
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Muslim achievements-Math & Science
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Reliance on scientific observation + experimentation + to find mathematical solutions to old problems; algebra; astronomy(charted stars, comets, + planets)-came from mathematics + optics (discovered that people see objects because rays from object pass to eye)
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Muslim achievements-Philosophy & Religion
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Greek philosophy + Islam both want to find truth
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Muslim achievements-Literature
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Qur'an is standard for all Arabic literature + poetry;poems about nature + pleasures of life + love; Sufis wrote poems that focused on mystical experiences with God;The Thousand and One Nights had strories added on to and arranged by Muslim empire
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Muslim achievements-Art & Architecture
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Calligraphy; Great Mosque of Damascus blended Byzantine architecture with Muslim ideas
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steppe
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A vast belt of dry grassland arcoss the landmass of Eurasia (Manchuria to Hungary) that served as a trade route connecting East + West, + home to nomadic peoples who often moved into cities to conquer, loot, + plunder;very little rainfall (but more in west) supports short, hardy grasses, extreme temperature changes(but milder in west)
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Pastoralist
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What nomadic peoples were, meaning they herded domesticated animals, + were always on the move looking for good pasture to feed herds, + they followed seasonal patterns
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clan
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A kinship group which steppe nomads traveled in, whose members claimed to be descended from the same ancestor;required a good leader to make important decisions like when to leave a pasture for another, and to devise military strategies
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yurt
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A fortable felt tent, which nomads lived in
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Genghis Khan
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A clan leader who sought to unify clans under his leadership, and defeated rivals one after another;attacked an Islamic region in revenge for killing ambassador + mongol traders-destroyed one city after another, killing many inhabitants;used many strategies (means "universal leader")
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Ogadai
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Genghis Khan's son who called himself "Great Khan"-headed whole Mongol empire;under his leadership, armies controlled by other sons + grandsons moved armies south, east, + west out of Inner Asia, finished conquering northern china, + invaded Korea, leveled Kiev, a Russian city
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Who came from the eastern + western steppes?
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Eastern(covers area of present-day Mongolia)-Huns, Turks + Mongols
Western(Central Asia to eastern Europe)-Many ancient invaders like Aryans + Hittites |
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What skills did nomads have that settled people did not?
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Could domesticate animals, had clans (people worked together to accomplish goals), + were very tough
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Why was Genghis Khan so successful in conquering territory?
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Because he used many strategies-brilliant organizer, so he assembled warriors into mighty fighting force, grouped warriors in armies of 10,000(1,000 man brigades, 100 man companies, 10 man platoons), tricked enemies by riding away, but then having part of army attack enemy without them expecting it, make enemy believe army is bigger than really is, used spies to find out about enemy weaknesses, adopted new weapons + technologies used by enemies, used cruelty as weapon(terrify people into surrender);calvary warriors wore silk underwear so arrow wont injure, leather armor, lance, dagger, bow + arrow + sturdy horse
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What caused westard expansion of Mongols to stop?
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Ogadai's death, so commanders called back to capital to elect successor
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In what ways did Mongols help + hurt people they conquered?
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Help-Mongol peace created stability + law + order across much of Eurasia, safe passage of trade caravans, travelers, + missionaries from one end of empire to another
Hurt-Killed many people they conquered |
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Kublai Khan
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Genghis Khan's grandson, who took title "Great Khan", and founded Yuan Dynasty, conquered the rest of China, united China for first time in 300 years, + opened China up to further contacts + trade
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Marco Polo
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The most famous European to visit China, who was a Venetian trader-served Great Khan + was sent on government missionaries in various Chinese cities;when in prison after being captured during a war between Venice + Genoa, told stories of China
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Yuan Dynasty
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Founded by Kublai Khan, who made strong accomplishments before it was overthrown
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kamikaze
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"divine wind" that had saved Japan when Mongols were trying to conquer it
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How did Kublai feel about China + Chinese culture?
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Enjoyed life in China as an emperor, + tolerated chinese culture
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Why were the Mongols unable to conquer Japan?
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Because Kamikaze + typhoon caused Mongol ships to be upended, swamped, + destroyed along rocky shore
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What is meant by the quote, "one can conquer the empire on horseback, but one cannot govern it by horseback?"
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It's easier to actually conquer an empire than actually rule it, keep it up and running-Mongol ways would not work in sophisticated civilization like China's
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Describe interactions between Chinese + Mongols
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-Little in common
-Lived apart -Chinese left out of high government positions, but could be in local position |
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What types of foreign people did Kublai Khan invite to China? Why did he prefer them to the Chinese?
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Muslims from western Asia + Christians;They had no local loyalties like Chinese may have had
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How did the Mongols encourage trade?
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Through Mongol Peace
Kublai Khan established mail routes that linked China to India + Persia Items were traded through silk roads |
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Mughals
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People who invaded India (means "Mongols")
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Delhi Sultanate
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A loose empire of Turkish warlords, in which Delhi was the capital, and there were many different sultans
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Babur
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Laid groundwork for Mughal empire, built up army, was a strong, sensitive leader, and defeated large Rajput army
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Akbar
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Babur's grandson who ruled India with wisdom + tolerance;was a Muslim, firmly defended religious freedom, married two hindus, Christian, + Muslim, abolished tax on Hindu pilgrims + jizya on non-
Muslims, governed through bureaucracy of officials in which both natives + foreigners could rise to high power, taxation policy created, gave generous land grants to bureaucrats, but was in a way pointless, because children could not inherit it, welcomed influences from many cultures, recognized military power as root of strength |
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Divine Faith
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A religion created by Akbar which combined elements of Hinduism, Jainism, Christianity, + Sufism, but it attracted few followers+ offended Muslims + they attempted a brief revolt against Akbar; died with him
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Urdu
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A blend of Arabic, Persian, + Hindi (means "from the soldier's camp", coming from the many backgrounds of soldiers")-is today the official language of Pakistan
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Hindi
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What the common people spoke-a mixture of Persian + a local language-is one of the most commonly spoken language in India today
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Jahangir
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What Akbar's son called himself, meaning "Grasper of the World"-was a weak ruler whose wife took care of most affairs; both he + wife rejected religious tolerance + tried to promote only Islam in Mughal state
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Nur Jahan
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Jahangir's wife, who was a Persian princess, who had a wide variety of interests, but was above all was a brilliant politician who completely understood use of power-installed father as prime minister in Mughal court + saw Jahangir's son Khusrau as ticket to future power, but shifted power to Shah Jahan, another son, after the first rebelled
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Shah Jahan
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Jahangir's son who was a cultured man but could not tolerate competion, making him kill all possible rivals;had a great passion for beautiful buildings + wife Mumtaz Mahal
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Sikhs
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A non-violent religious group whose doctrines blended Buddhism, Hinduism, + Sufism, who Khusrau turned to
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Taj Mahal
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Famous tomb built for Shah Jahan's wife, that has been called one of the most beautiful buildings in the world
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Aurangzeb
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Shah Jahan's son who killed oldest brother + put father in prison-was a master at military strategy + agressive empire builder;power of empire weakened during his reign-had opression for people(rigidly enforced Islamic laws, outlawed drinking, gambling + other vices), appointed censors to police subjects' morals + make sure prayed at right time, attempted to erase all Hindu gains during time of Akbar(brought back tax on non-Muslims + took Hindus out of high government positions);by end of rain, had drained empire of resources
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Why is this period known as a golden age?
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Because there were many accomplishments:
-Turned potential enemies into allies by appointing Rajputs as officers -Many languages created (Hindi + Urdu) -Arts flourshied in court(book illustrations, called miniatures) -Established large library, retold Ramayana in Hindi -Architecture-Red-sandstone built to thank holy man who predicted birth of Akbar's first son -Divine Faith |
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How were the Mughals influenced by Persia?
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Persian was language of Akbar's court + of high culture + was also in Hindi + Urdu
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Who played a greater role in the decline of the empire-Shah Jahan or Aurangzeb? Why?
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Aurangzeb, because he brought back taxes, reigidly imposed Islam laws + banned many things, + had drained empire of its resources
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Ghazis
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Warriors for Islam(what many Anatolian Turks saw themselves as), who formed military societies under leadership of emir + followed strict Islamic code of conduct
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Infidels
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People who didn't believe in Islam, whose territories were invaded by the ghazis
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Osman
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The most successful ghazi, who built a small state in Anatolia, + whose successors expanded it by buying lands + forming allinces with emirs, + conquering everybody they could
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Mehmet the Conqueror
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Murad's son who achieved most dramatic feat in Ottoman history-conquered Constantinople by firing city walls with mighty cannons
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Suleiman the Lawgiver
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A military leader who conquered many different territories, who reigned from Istanbul, waged war with central Europeans, became most powerful monarch on earth, whose massive empire required effecient government structure + social organization;was required to follow Islamic law, simplified taxation system, reduced government bureaucracy, whichhelped him earn title lawgiver;found time to study poetry, history, geography, etc;killed son out of fear he would get power, and empire soon declined as a result of this + other sultans killing brothers + keeping sons prisoner
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janissaries
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Among sultan's slaves which was drawn from people of conquered Christian territories as part of devshirme
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devshirme
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sultan's army took boys from families, educated them, converted to Islam, + trained them as soldiers
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millets
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nations, which Ottomans treated religious communities as
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Why were the Ottomans successful in conquering territory?
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military used gunpowder, ferocious, powerful, had good leaders
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How did the Muslims treat non-Muslims?
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Non-Muslims were allowed to practice own religion, but had to pay poll tax
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What was the significance in gaining Constantinople?
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Had control of Bosporous strait, which would help choke off traffic between Ottoman territories + Balkans
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Accomplishments of main rulers in Ottoman empire
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Timur the Lane-Conquered many places
Mehmet II-restored Ottoman military to former power, conquered, kept empire expanding Gained Constantinople, able ruler + magnificent warrior, opened Constantinople to new citizens of many religions, rebuilt city that is now Istanbul Selim the Grim-brutality made him effective, sultan + great general Suleiman the lawgiver-cultural achievements(studied many things, simplied taxation system + reduced government bureaucracy, conquered, most powerful monarch on earth |
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What caused decline of empire?
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-Suleiman killed family who was in way of power
-Heirs began jockeying for power -Sultan had brothers killed + sons put in prison -Long line of weak, ignorant sultans who brought ruin on empire |
