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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Economist |
* Person who studies money, trade, resources, supply and demand
* Scarcity = not having enough resources |
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River Valleys |
* First places for civilization
* Tigris & Euphrates → Sumeria (Mesopotamia) * Nile → Egypt * Huang He (Yellow) → China * Indus → Harappa (India) |
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Neolithic Revolution |
* Invention of agriculture (farming)
* Surplus (extra) food * Settling down and building towns |
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Bantu Migration |
* Migration of people from West Africa to other parts of Africa
* Spread Bantu language, agriculture and iron * Cultural diffusion |
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Law Codes |
* Hammurabi’s Code (eye for an eye)
* Justinian’s Code * Napoleonic Code * Twelve Tables (Rome) |
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Buddhism |
* Cultural diffusion
* India → China, Korea, Japan * Karma & Reincarnation * 4 Noble Truths: Suffering is caused by desire * 8-Fold Path |
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Gupta Empire |
* Golden Age of ancient India
* Concept of zero * Math, science, art |
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Islam |
* Arabia → Middle East, Africa
* Holy text = Koran (Quran) * Prophet Mohamed * Five Pillars = rules for behavior * Hajj = pilgrimage (journey) to Mecca |
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Golden Age of Islam |
* Algebra, Medicine, Science, Poetry
* Mosques and architecture |
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Ghana, Mali, Songhai |
* West African kingdoms
* Based on gold — salt trade * Mansa Musa = king of Mali, went on famous Hajj to Mecca * Spread of Islam |
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Byzantine Empire |
* Orthodox Christianity
* Cultural diffusion: Rome → Byzantine → Russia * Capital city = Constantinople * Between Black Sea & Mediterranean Sea → Trade $$ * Emperor Justinian (made law code) |
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Feudalism |
* European Middle Ages
* Lords, nobles, knights, serfs * Social hierarchy (pyramid with levels) * Land is the most valuable resource |
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Commercial Revolution |
* Beginning of capitalism
* Growth of banks * Banks provide capital ($) for new investments |
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Mercantilism |
* Economic theory in Europe:
* Use colonies as sources of cheap resources * Make your colonies buy your manufactured goods |
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Encounter |
* 1492: Christopher Columbus
* First time Europeans “encounter” (meet) Native Americans |
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Columbian Exchange |
* 1492: Christopher Columbus
* Exchange of plant and animal species * Good for Europe / Asia (new foods) * Bad for Native Americans (smallpox) |
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Magna Carta |
* British document
* Limit power of monarch (king) * Step toward democracy |
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Westernization |
* Become “modern” like the west (Europe and the U.S.)
* Peter the Great (Russia) * Catherine the Great (Russia) * Ataturk (Turkey) * Meiji Restoration (Japan) |
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Machiavelli |
* His book was The Prince
* Better to be feared than loved * “Ends justify the means” * All about getting and keeping power |
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Enlightenment |
* Europe
* Question absolutism * Locke, Rousseau — consent of the governed (power comes from the people) * Voltaire — Freedom of speech |
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John Locke |
* Enlightenment
* Natural Rights: Life, Liberty, Property * The government’s power comes from the people (consent of the governed) |
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Gandhi |
* India
* Nationalist leader * Won independence from Britain * Civil disobedience * Boycott (refuse to buy) British goods * Salt March |
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Nelson Mandela |
* 1st black president of South Africa
* Fought to end apartheid * apartheid = whites had all the power and resources even though blacks were the majority |
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Cold War |
* U.S. vs. Soviet Union (Russia)
* Capitalism vs. Communism * NATO vs. Warsaw Pact |
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OPEC |
* Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
* Created to control the price of oil |
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NAFTA |
* North American Free Trade Agreement
* Remove barriers to trade * Encourage trade and economic growth |
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Traditional Economy |
* Barter = trade stuff for other stuff
* Before money existed |
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Ottoman Empire |
* Turkey
* Muslim * Suleiman the Magnificent * Between Black Sea & Mediterranean Sea → Trade $$ * Conquered Constantinople |
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Social Hierarchy |
* Unequal social classes
* Think of the pyramid with levels * Example: Caste system, Feudalism |
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Confucianism |
* Belief system of China
* Five Relationships (father → son, husband → wife, etc.) respect for superiors * Filial piety — respect for parents and elders * Civil service exam |
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Hinduism |
* Most popular religion in India
* Holy text = Vedas * Karma & Reincarnation * Caste system * Human rights violations of Untouchables |
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Primary Source |
* Text written a long time ago
* Examples — diary, journal, contract, letter |
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Zheng He |
* Chinese explorer
* Ming Dynasty * Looking for new trade relationships |
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Black Death |
* Also known as Bubonic Plague
* Disease that killed ⅓ Medieval Europe * Caused by trade * Effect → shortage of labor |
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Crusades |
* Wars between Muslims and Christians for the Holy Land
* Muslims won * Europeans wanted to trade luxury goods with Muslims → Cultural diffusion |
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Renaissance |
* Italy — increased trade $$
* Humanism — Individual achievement * Interest in ancient Greece / Rome * Question tradition * Art (Michelangelo, Da Vinci) |
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Martin Luther |
* 95 Theses — reforms for Catholic Church
* Against indulgences (buying forgiveness) * Protestant Reformation * NOT MARTIN LUTHER KING JR!! |
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Absolute Monarchs |
* Kings with total power
* Centralize power, take power away from nobles * Suleiman the Magnificent (Ottoman) * Akbar the Great (India) * Peter the Great (Russia) * Louis XIV (France) * Elizabeth I (England) |
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French Revolution |
* Third estate (commoners) overthrew the 1st and 2nd estate (priests and nobles)
* Louis 16 and Marie Antoinette * Reign of Terror |
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Robespierre |
* French Revolution leader
* Reign of Terror * Guillotine (machine that cut off heads) * Louis 16 → Robespierre → Napoleon |
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Inca Empire |
* Native Americans in Peru
* Before Columbus * Andes Mountains * Terrace farming, roads & bridges |
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Encomienda System |
* Latin America
* Spanish used the Native Americans like slaves * Imperialism, Colonialism |
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Imperialism |
* Powerful country controls and uses a weaker country (colony)
* “Spheres of Influence” in China * Spain → Mexico, Peru, DR, etc. * Britain → North America, India, etc. |
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Berlin Conference |
* Meeting where Europe “carved up” Africa into colonies
* Imperialism |
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Haitian Revolution |
* Overthrew French slave masters
* Toussaint L’Ouverture = leader * Inspired by Enlightenment ideas |
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Simon Bolivar |
* South America
* Nationalist revolutionary leader * Revolution against Spanish empire * Colonies became independent nations |
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Boxer Rebellion |
* Chinese rebellion against foreign “spheres of influence” — kick out the foreigners
* Anti-imperialism * Similar to Sepoy Rebellion in India |
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Scientific Revolution |
* Galileo, Newton, Descartes
* Scientific Method * Experiments and observation |
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Industrial Revolution |
* Started in England (Britain) because of geography (coal and iron and irregular coastline)
* Factories * Effect → urbanization (cities) |
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Laissez Faire |
* Adam Smith
* Government should stay out of the economy * Free markets * Capitalism |
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Karl Marx |
* Communist Manifesto
* Workers (proletariat) should overthrow factory owners (bourgeoisie) |
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Russian Revolution |
* Also known as Bolshevik Revolution
* Vladimir Lenin * Wanted “Peace, land and bread” * Communism * Russia becomes Soviet Union |
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Stalin |
* Soviet Union (Russia)
* Communist dictator * Government in command of the economy * Five Year Plan: Increase industry, Farm collectives |
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Mao Zedong |
* Chinese communist dictator
* “Great Leap Forward” → farm collectives → famine (starvation) * Cultural Revolution * Similar to Stalin |
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Famine |
* famine = mass-starvation
* Ukraine 1930s (because of Stalin’s farm collectives) * Ireland 1800s (because of epic potato fail) → migration to America |
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Japanese Imperialism |
* Japan wanted resources for its factories
* Japan attacked China, Russia, other Asian countries to get resources * Started WW2 in the Pacific |
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Genocide |
* Murder of a whole race / ethnicity
* Ottomans → Armenians (WW1) * Nazis → Jews & "undesirables" (WW2) * Pol Pot → everyone (Cambodia) * Hutus → Tutsis (Rwanda) |
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Atomic Bomb |
* U.S. used on Hiroshima & Nagasaki, Japan during WW2
* Cause of Cold War * Arms race — U.S. v. Soviet Union * Proliferation = spread of nuclear technology to Soviet Union, China, Israel, India, Pakistan, etc. |
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Geography of Russia |
* It’s cold! And big!
* Hitler and Napoleon both invaded Russia in winter — big mistake! |
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Nationalism |
* Pride in your nationality (based on language, culture, ethnicity)
* Can unify a nation (Italy, Germany)... * Or can tear an empire apart (Austria-Hungary, Ottoman)... * Or can liberate a nation (India)... * Or turn very ugly (Nazis, fascism) |
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Ho Chi Minh |
* Vietnam
* Nationalist revolutionary leader * Cold War * Communist * Led Vietnam to independence from France and then the United States |
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Archeologist |
* Person who studies artifacts to learn about the past
* Artifacts = old stuff and skeletons buried in the ground |
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League of Nations |
* Created after WW1 to try to prevent another world war
* Too weak * Failed because WW2 happened anyway |
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United Nations |
* United Nations (UN)
* Created after WW2 to try to prevent another world war * Goal was to prevent another genocide (NOT successful) |
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Geography of Korea |
* "Land bridge" between China and Japan
* Cultural Diffusion: Ex. spread of Buddhism |
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Cultural Diffusion |
* Spread of culture from one place to another
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Marshall Plan |
* Cold War policy
* US gave $ to Europe to rebuild after WW2 * Protect Europe from Soviet (Communist) influence |
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Desertification |
* Expansion of deserts
* Caused by overgrazing (animals eating all the grass) * Also caused by climate change/global warming |
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Globalization |
* Businesses have factories and stores all over the world
* Not always good for workers (they have to compete with workers in other countries who get paid less) |
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NATO |
* North Atlantic Treaty Organization
* Alliance during the Cold War (US, Britain, Canada, France, etc.) * Protect against Communist (Soviet) aggression
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