Global Midterm Review

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Jihad

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The Islamic belief meaning the religious duty of Muhammad. There are two types of jihad, the lesser jihad, and the greater or internal jihad (preferred by Muhammad).

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Judaism

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A religion founded by Abraham, that followed the Torah, and the 10 Commandments, and was an example of ethical monotheism. Judaism could be found in Egypt, and Palestine.

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Kamikaze Winds

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A great typhoon, or wind, that hit the second huge fleet of Mongols ships while trying to conquer Japan by sea. The winds drowned many, and saved Japan from being taken over.

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Kublai Khan

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The founder and leader of the Yuan Dynasty who conquered all of China in 1279. By uniting all of China for the first time, he opened China to greater trade, and therefore lived a luxurious lifestyle.

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Lao Tzu/ Taoism

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Lao Tzu, was the founder of Taoism, the philosophy that followed the Dao De Jing. The major beliefs of Taoism were the Tao, and Yin and Yang. Taoism was found in China, and eventually Japan.

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Legalism

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The philosophy started by Han Fei, discouraged intellectualism and literacy, and believed in the two handles, chastisement (punishment), and commendation (reward), and that law was the supreme authority. Legalism remained in China throughout it's time.

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Loess

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The chemical that was responsible for the yellow color of the Yellow River, found near Egypt.

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Mahabharata

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The Mahabharata was the text worshiped and followed in the religion of Brahmanism. It discusses human goals, and the workings of karma.

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Mahayana, Theravada & Zen Buddhism

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The Buddhist religion, founded by Siddartha, believed in the 4 Noble Truths, and and strived to follow the 8 Fold Path. Mahayana Buddhism which focused on compassion and had Bodhisattvas, appealed to more people because it spread on the Silk Roads to East Asia. Theravada Buddhism was strict and performed arhats, and appealed to less people because it spread through the sea to Southeast Asia.

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Maps & Globes

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Many different religions use different maps to travel the world. The Mercator map is good for direction, but bad for area and shapes, the Peter's map has accurate size, but the shapes are distorted, the Interupted map has less distortion, but the oceans are missing, and the Robinson map is a mix of distortion between shape and area.

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Mandate of Heaven

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A philosophy from the Han and Ming Dynasties that started by the thought that royal authority came from heaven. If a ruler was just, he had divine approval, know as the "Mandate of Heaven".

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Mansa Musa

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One of the leaders who arose to rule the Mali Empire after the death of Sundiata. Mansa Musa was a skilled military leader who put down rebellion, and therefore had control over the gold-salt trade. Under Mansa Musa, Mali expanded to about twice the size of the Empire of Ghana.

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Marco Polo

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The most famous European trader to visit China, Marco Polo traveled on the Silk Roads to Kublai Kahn's court in about 1275, and was sent by Kahn on various government missions. He served Kahn for about 17 years.

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Mauryan Empire

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An empire started by Chandragupta who put together an army and claimed the throne by killing the Nanda king in 321 B.C. He seized all the land from Magadha to the Indus, and ran the empire with a highly burecratic government. The empire's control later went to the son of Chandragupta, Asoka. Asoka promoted Buddhism, but the empire broke up soon after his death in 232 B.C.

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Mesopotamia (Tigris & Euphrates)

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In Mesopotamia, because of the fertile land provided Tigris and Euphrates Rivers the for,m the Fertile Crescent, civilization was born along the Rivers. The first people to settle in this area were the Sumerians who needed to adapt to problems like the unpredictable flooding of the rivers by creating irrigation systems. The Sumerians were polytheistic, and their region was divided into city-states that were ruled by monarchs.

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Mohammed

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The great prophet Mohammed was born into a powerful Meccan family, and at the age of 40 he was called by Gabriel, the angel, while he was meditating. Mohammed believes that Allah was speaking to him through Gabriel, and believed he was the last of prophets. Using what he learned, that Allah was the one and only God, Mohammed started the religion Islam.

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Mongols

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Before the Mongols were united by Genghis Khan in about 1200, they lived life as nomads and in clans. When they were united, they conquered much of Asia, and then some of China, and many other territories due to the military strength with weapons, and Genghis' strategy. In 1227, when Genghis Khan died, the successors still conquered territory from China to Poland. During the Mongol Peace, the Mongols guaranteed safe passage from one end of the empire to the other. But, in 1279 Kublai Khan conquered the Mongols.

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Monsoons

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These seasonal winds dominated India's climate. These winds from October to May bring dry winds, but during the middle of June, the winds change and carry moisture from the ocean in big rain clouds, resulting in rain that stays for two or more months. Also, the wet monsoons bring joy to the people after the great drought before, but after the houses are infested with bugs that can carry disease.

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Mughal Empire

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This empire was found in India, and in 1494 an 11-year old boy Babur inherited the kingdom, and with his army built up the territory of the empire, but it was soon lost by his son. After this, Babur's grandson Akbar, who promoted religious tolerance, and gained back the lost territory with his organized military power. Akbar had many successors including Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb who lost the empire at the end of his reign.

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Neolithic Revolution

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This revolution, is considered the agricultural revolution, that caused major changes in human life due to the beginning of farming. The revolution happened because about 1,000 years ago, women may have scattered seeds near a campsite when gathering their normal fruits, berries and grasses while the men were hunting.

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Nile Valley Civilization

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This civilization in Egypt was built on the Nile River on the fertile land replenished with nutrients because of the Nile's predictable flooding. In the beginning, the civilization was divided into Lower and Upper Egypt, but then Egypt was united by Menes. The Egyptians believed in pharaohs, or god-kings that were at the center of their religion, and their government, and theocracy.

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Nomads (Semitic & Indo-European)

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Ottoman Empire

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This empire was started by the ghazi Osman, who built a small state in Anatolia that was eventually expanded by his successors. The most successful successor was Mehmet II, who conquered Constantinople, and opened it to the new citizens. After him came Selim who conquered the Safavids and captured Mecca and Medina. After him was Suleiman, and under his rule the Ottoman Empire dominated the whole eastern Mediterranean. He also came up with devshirme system, but eventually was the ruler who lead to the empire's decline.

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Patterns of Nomadic Invasions

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Persian Empire

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In about 1000 B.C. the Persians dominated the Medes to gain a huge empire. In 550 B.C., with their king Cyrus, the empire controlled from the Indus River to Anatolia. Cyrus was known for his religious tolerance, and kindness, and lost his life in battle. After him came Cambyses, and then Darius who conquered from the river valleys of India to Afghanistan. The empire had a strong government, and military.

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Pharaoh

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The pharaohs were god-kings worshiped by the Egyptians, and stood in the center of their religion, and their government. Egyptians believed the pharaohs were responsible for their well-being, the sun to rise, the Nile to flood, and the crops to grow. Also, the pharaohs needed to promote truth and justice.

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Ramadan

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Ramadan was a Muslim religious observance that takes place according to the Islamic calendar. It is a month of fasting, where Muslims fast from dawn until sunset,and ask for forgiveness for past sins, and pray for guidance. It is one of the 5 Pillars of Islam.

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Ramayana

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The Ramayana was the text of the Hindu religion,. It explores the theme of human existence, and the concept of dharma. It is one of the most important literary works of ancient India, and it had a big impact on art and culture.

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Safavid

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This empire was founded by Safi al-Din, and the members were originally of the Islamic religion, and they concentrated on building a powerful army. The leader of their army, known as the "redheads" was Shah Isma'il, and he seized Iran, and established Shi'i Islam as the state religion. After him, Shah Abbas took the throne, and created the beautiful capital Isfaham. But his follower lost the empire to the Ottoman.

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Samurai

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Each samurai warrior was the bodyguards of one lord during the time where war between rival lords were commonplace. The warriors lived according to a very demanding code of dehavior known as Bushido, or the "way of the warrior". Following this code, the samurai were not to fear death, and were to be absolutely loyal to their daimyo.

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Seppuku

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Seppuku was the ritual suicide that was ordered under Bushido, the code the samurai needed to follow. If the samurai was about to fall into enemy hands, they would perform seppuku to attenuate shame. To perform seppuku, they would cut open their abdomen, and then an assistant would decapitate him.

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Shah Jahan

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Shah Jahan was another successor of Babur for the Mughal Empire, and he was like his grandfather Akbar, who was a cultured man. He assassinated all of his rivals because he could not tolerate competition. He had a passion for both is wife, Mumataz Mahal, and beautiful buildings, which is why the Taj Mahal was built under his orders. But, while it was being built, his people were suffering. When he became ill, Aurangzeb took over.

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Shi Huang Di

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Shinto

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Shinto is the native religion of Japan, and it is the "way of the gods". People who follow Shinto believe in and worship Kami, or the spirits within objects. They also believe people are born pure, but become impure later in life, but you can get rid of it by purifying rituals. The disturbing of Kami, the disturbing of the worship of Kami, and disrupting the harmony of the world, the natural world, and the social order are all regarded as bad in Shinto.

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Siddartha Gautama

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Siddartha was the founder of Buddhism. He started Buddhism by discovering the Middle Way after living with ascetics. He is seen by people who follow the religion of Buddhism as the supreme Buddha, and he teachings have been passed down between generations by oral tradition.

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Sikhism

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This philosophy was found in India, and was a mixture between Islam and Hinduism. It was founded on the on the teachings of Guru Nanak, and other successive Sikh Gurus. It focuses on equality of all humans.

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Silk Road

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These caravan, or trade routes were originally used to bring silk from China to Western Asia and on to Rome. The Indians learned that they could make great profit by acting as middle men. The Silk Roads were used for centuries as a way for countless dynasties to trade with each other.

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Social Structures (India, China, Japan, Islam)

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Suleiman

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Suleiman was the son of Selim, and under his rule, the Ottoman empire reached its peak. He was above all a military leader, and with his military success, the Ottoman empire dominated the Mediterranean. He had 20,000 personal slaves who staffed the family's palace bureaucracy. He followed the devshirme policy, and followed Islamic law, and he had broad interest. But, he set the stage for the empire's decline.

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Sumer

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The Sumerians were the one of the first groups of people to a civilization. By 3000 B.C., they had built a number of cities, and they were known as city-states, each with their own government and rulers. The early governments were controlled by priest, but then monarch took over. The Sumerians' religion was polytheistic. The priests and kings were the top social class, with slaves at the bottom. They invented the wheel, and the sail and plow. Eventually the city-states started fighting with each other, and eventually following rulers adapted the basic ideas of Sumerian culture to build their own empires.

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Sun Tzu

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Sun Tzu was the author of the Art of War, a book on military strategy that was written around 500 B.C. It is also a prime example of Taoist strategy.

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Sunni/Shia Islam

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The Islamic group of people known as the Shi'a were the "part of Al", and they did not accept the Umayyad's rule, and they thought the caliphs needed to be relatives of Muhammad. The Islamic group of people known as the Sunni, or the "followers of Muhammad" did not resist the rule of the Umayyads. These two groups split the Islamic religion.

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Synthesis (Hindu, Han)

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Taj Mahal

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This memorial was built by about 20,000 workers and worked on for 22 years. It was used as a tomb for Shah Jahan's wife Mumtaz Mahal. It was a towering marble dome with slender towers, and inside it was also made of marble.

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Tamerlane

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Tamerlane, or Timur among his other names, was a 14th century Turko-Mongol conquerer of much of Central Asia. He was the founder of the Timurid Empire in Central Asia, and survived until 1857 as the Mughal Empire.

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Universal Religions

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Yellow River Civilizations

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The Yellow River brought about civilization because of the Yellow River that flooded, even thought it was unpredictable. Early Chinese cultures built farming settlements along the river. At it’s worst, the river devoured whole villages (why it was called “China’s Sorrow”), but it was also able to make fertile soil for growing crops.

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Ziggurat

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The pyramid-shaped monuments that were temples surrounded by walls were called ziggurats. These monuments meant "mountain of god", and since each city was under the protection of one single god, each lived in the temples known as ziggurats. At the peak, priests could conduct rituals to worship the city gods.

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Zoroastrianism

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This religion was thought of by the Persian prophet and religious reformer named Zoroaster. A collection of books called the Avesta became the religion's holy writings. Zoroastrianism was also known as ethical dualism, and it believed that the world is made of opposites, good (ahurmazda) and evil (ahruman).