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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Klemens von Metternich
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1773-1859
A government minister for the Austrian Empire Conservative - supported absolute monarchy, privileges for nobles Wanted to return society to way it was before political and industrial revolutioins |
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Physiocrats
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The first "economists"
18th century French economists They believed: 1) Land was the principal source of wealth 2)Guilds and other monopolies should be abolished 3)Tariffs between provinces should be abolished; a single, national market should be created 4)The market, not the government, should determine the price of grain and other commodities "Laissez faire" |
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Laissez faire
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Don't restrict production (through guilds or monopolies) and don't prevent goods from moving from one place to another (through tariffs or bans)
Physiocrats invented this phrase |
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Adam Smith
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Main ideas:
1) Mercantilism (the idea that the richest country was the one with the most gold/silver; it tried to keep the balance of trade favorable) was wrong 2)Private citizens are better at knowing their economic interests than governments are. Small governments that don't intervene in the market are best 3)The pursuit of rational self-interest acts like an invisible hand to guide producers and satisfy consumers 4) Citizens should be employed productively. Bureaucracies and armies should be small |
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"Pere Enfantin"
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Formed Saint-Simonian communes that advocated for the abolition of private property, abolition of inheritance, and enfranchisement of women
Proposed the Suez canal to Ferdinand de Lesseps |
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Factory Acts
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British
A series of acts in the 1800s that lessened the harsh and dangerous conditions for the children working in the cotton mills, mines, textile factories Also limited how much they were required to work |
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Benin "bronzes"
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Reminded Europeans of African sophistication in their art
Traded these for gold and ivory starting in the 16th century |
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Maxim Gun
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Caused the death of many Africans and allowed Europe to keep control over African colonies for a longer time
50 British men with six maxim guns killed 3000 Ndebele in Zimbabwe 20 British killed v. 20,000 Sudanese killed |
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Quinine
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Derived from the bark of the cinchona tree
Prevented malaria Withheld the chemical doses until the late nineteenth century Such scientific conquests made the military conquest of Africa possible |
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Leopold II, King of the Belgians
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Greedy
Forced villagers to collect rubber which was much in demand for bicycle and automobile tires Cost millions of lives in the Congo Free State |
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British East India Company
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Run by its shareholders and has its own army
Started being run by the British Parliament in late 18th century It's monopoly was broken up as a result of the emerging ideology of liberalism Represents changing ideologies of the world |
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Tipu Sultan
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In power of India during the 3rd and 4th Anglo-Mysore War
Louis XVI was too poor to help from the Revolutionary War Lost the war to the British When the British finally defeated and killed him later, it inspired six plays, paintings, eyewitness accounts, prints and pamphlets Biggest English victory in history, after American Revolution |
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Sepoy Rebellion
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Indian soldiers of the East India Company, many of whom have fought for the British in China
Rebelled in 1857 when issued with new rifle, killing the British garrison British wreaked terrible vengeance on sepoys killing at least 100,000 The British now ruled India directly instead of the EIC |
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Berthold Brecht
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Marxist
Wrote a poem mentioning Caesar, Alexander the Great, Philip of Spain with which he meant to raise awareness in workers that it was they, not famous people, who made history even though few records are left about them |
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Quamina Eddoo
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The villain of Abina's story who enslaved Abina
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"In Flanders Fields"
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Written by John McCrae
He was one of more than 60,000 Canadians to die in WWI More Canadians died in WWI than US soldiers Poem is read/sung at Canadian Remembrance Day ceremonies |
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Social Darwinism
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The idea that "nations" or peoples are naturally engaged in a fight for survival.
Perversion of Darwin's theories: "survival of the fittest" One of the many causes of WWI |
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Battle of Tsingtao
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1914 in China
the Japanese defeated the Germans One of the representations of why this was a World War |
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Tirailleurs Senegalais
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Senegalese Skirmishers
Most famous of the colonial French forces Many were deployed where French troops might have refused to serve over 30,000 of 200,000 died in action |
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Benito Mussolini
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Leader of the Fascist movement in Italy 1883-1945
Italy had not benefited enough from the Treaty of Versailles Justified because it "made the trains run on time" |
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"Dolchstoss" ("Stab in the Back") legend
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Myth that communists and Jews had made Germany lose WWI
One of the causes of fascism in Germany |
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Nuremberg Laws
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1935
They stripped Jews of citizenship, defined Jews in racial terms, and outlawed marriage or sexual intercourse between Jews and "Aryans" Jews were banned from parks, movie theatres and swimming pools |
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Volkswagen
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Helped bring jobs to Germany and Germany out of the depression during the 30s
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Kristallnacht
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"Night of Broken Glass"
Night of November 9-10, 1938 Pro-Nazi rioters destroyed Jewish businesses, homes, and synagogues 91 Jews were killed and 30,000 imprisoned in concentration camps |
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Auschwitz
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1.5 million Jews from here were killed
During WWII the Nazis murdered 6 million Jews, 2/3 the Jewish population of Europe 25% of the Jews that died were from here |
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Marshall Philippe Petain
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He handed over France to Hitler and governed as his puppet.
He was popular for he had been a WWI hero and was "above" politics He handed over 75,000 Jews to the Nazis Arrested for collaboration with the enemy Caused the deaths of many more Jews, Hitler's French lapdog |
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The Rape of Nanjing
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December 13, 1937
Japanese forces invaded Nanjing slaughtering 300,000 Chinese men, women, and children Even Germany protested to this, It horrified public opinion |
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Matsui Iwane
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General who directed the Japanese in the Rape of Nanjing
Executed after the war by the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal |
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"Comfort Women"
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Sex slaves for Japanese soldiers
Young Korean and Chinese girls/women were abducted and forced to work Were beaten and held captive |
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Tokugawa Shogunate
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1603-1867
Reason Japan was so powerful Hostile towards Europeans and persecuted Japanese and European Christians Prohibited most Europeans from trading with Japan |
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Commodore Perry
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Fleet contained 8 of the world's most lethal warships of which he sailed to Japan, Edo Bay
1858, The U.S. now was allowed to set up businesses and residences in Japan's cities which are subject to U.S. Law This increases domestic tension as the Japanese are angry at the Tokugawa shogunate for capitulating to foreign powers |
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Meiji Restoration
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Government officials can now be hired and fired as opposed to Daimyo (hereditary rulers)
Intellectuals became enamored with the West and more critical of Japanese traditions |
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Ho Chi Minh
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Author of the Vietnamese Declaration of Independence
He was inspired by democratic ideals while living in America - "democratic liberty" |
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Bao Dai
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Last of the Vietnamese emperors
Puppet of the French until he collaborated with the Japanese and declared the "independence" of Vietnam After the French were defeated in 1954, he became the president of the "Republic of Vietnam" |
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Sara and Dara dolls
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Made in China
Dara and his sister, Sara, wear modest clothing and obey their parents, as opposed to Barbie dolls Illustrates the process of globalization: accelerating influence among distant peoples of the world |
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Transnational corporations (TNCs)
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Huge global businesses that have been central to the acceleration of economic globalization
They produce goods and deliver services simultaneously in many countries Ex: Barbie dolls - molds from US, plastic and hair from Taiwan and Japan, made in factories located in Indonesia, Malaysia and China |
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Coca-Colonisation
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Coca-Cola company is a TNC and it is one of those economic units that is bigger than many countries
Ads claim it can bring peace and harmony to the world |
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John Pemberton
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Created a "French Wine Coca" that was said to cure many illnesses: nerve trouble, dypepsia, mental and physical exhaustion, constipation, sick headache.
He believed opium addiction was prevalent enough in society to mention in his ad, regardless of whether he was an addict or not |
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John Pemberton's Second Drink
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Coca-Cola
Created when he got rid of the wine in his first drink because a prohibitionist movement |
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Real coca-colonization
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Appropriation of a Latin American product (coca) and an African product (kola) and the creation of a new product that is very closely associated with a western power and Americanization
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Spinning jenny
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Part of the "culture of innovation" which sped up production of textiles
Capacity of human societies to produce wealth was greatly and quickly increased |
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Power loom
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Increased and more efficient production of textiles
Part of the "culture of innovation" where people believed things could be endlessly improved |
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Caste War of Yucatan
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1847-1901
A prolonged struggle of the Maya people of Mexico aimed at cleansing their land of European and mestizo intruders One of the rare cases in history where the poor and dispossessed actively rebel against their social betters |
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Mexican Revolution
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Vast inequality between lower class and wealthy causing many of the poor to become dependent laborers
Local protests and violence erupted into a nationwide revolution Middle-class reformers joined with workers and peasants to overthrow dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz Lasted a decade with 1 million lives being lost Impacted Mexico forever Mexico then had a new constititution - universal suffrage, redistribution of land, rights for workers |
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Bretton Woods system
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American preventative measure after WWII so as not to return to Depression era conditions
Negotiated rules for commercial and financial dealings among the major capitalist countries, while promoting relatively free trade, stable currency values linked to the US dollar, and high levels of capital investment Contributor to economic globalization |
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Opium Wars
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Opium Wars created a massive addiction problem in China
Lin Zexu wanted to seize and destroy more than 3 million pounds of opium from Western traders and expell them from the country Angering British, British attacked and won both wars making unequal treaties that eroded China's independence China eventually lost Vietnam, Korea and Taiwan and its previous sphere of strong influence and was now against the Qing dynasty |
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Taiping Rebellion
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1850-1864
Hong Xiuquan proclaimed himself the younger brother of Jesus The Qing dynasty had poisoned China They wanted to transform China into an industrial nation Gentry landowners who made their own armies crushed the rebel forces for the Qing dynasty It disrupted and weakened China's economy and 20-30 million lives were lost |
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Lin Zexu
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Commissioner that led the campaign against opium use as a "drug czar"
He wanted to seize and destroy without compensation more than 3 million pounds of opium from Western traders and expelling them from the country Caused British to fight back and China was severely weakened by the Opium Wars that ensued |
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George Macartney
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British lord who was sent on a diplomatic mission to China in the early 1790s to seek greater access to the Chinese market
Failed mission Represents China's arrogant view of other countries and its self-sufficiency |
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Qianlong
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Emperor of China in the Qing dynasty early 19th century
Restricted Chinese trade with other countries; he saw most as barbarians Did not realize China's growing population needed industrialization and advancement to keep the country strong |
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Hong Xiuquan
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1814-1864
Leading figure in the Taiping Uprising Proclaimed himself the younger brother of Jesus sent to cleanse the world of demons and establish a heavenly kingdom Denounced Qing dynasty and group genuinely wanted change: radical redistribution of land, equality among men and women, abolition of private property |
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"Self-strengthening"
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Program for China's modernization in the 1860s and 70s that sought to reinvigorate a traditional China while borrowing cautiously from the West
New industries became largely dependent on foreigners Failed because of a anti-foreign sentiment among the landlord class - Boxer uprising |
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Boxer Rebellion
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Anti foreign Chinese movement 1898-1901 in Northern China
The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, "Boxers," killed Europeans and Chinese Christians and seized foreign embassies After this, it was apparent China was still a dependent country under foreign control |
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Woodrow Wilson
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Championed "national self-determination" of which the new states emerging from WWI were based on (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, etc)
Fourteen Points heralded a new kind of international life, one based on moral principles His vision ultimately failed with the harsh treatment of Germany after the war |
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Russo-Japanese War
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Japan's success against China (1894-95) and Russia (1904) established them as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and the 1st Asian state to defeat a major European power
It attained control of Taiwan and Korea and established spheres of influence there Its taking over of Manchuria led to the break up politically of Japan from the League of Nations and become closer to Germany and Italy |
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Treaty of Nanjing
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Ended the first Opium war in 1842
British imposed numerous restrictions on Chinese sovereignty and opened five ports to European traders Represented the change in balance of global power that had emerged with Britain's Industrial Revolution |
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Cecil Rhodes
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Advocate of British imperialism who made a fortune in South American diamonds
Wanted an unbroken railroad line running the entire length of Africa Wanted complete British control against the Dutch over diamond and gold resources of South Africa |
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Menelik II
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Monarch of Ethiopia during the late 19th c. and early 20th c.
Played various European powers against one another gaining modern weapons and substantial territory, in effect also taking part in the scramble Was able to preserve its independence and remained a symbol of African bravery and resistance in the face of European imperialism |
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Fashoda
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Location along the Nile river where France and Great Britain almost started a war over who would control the headwaters of the Nile.
Negotiated and French withdrew |
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Jean-Baptiste Marchand
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Commander of the French expedition that met the British in Africa on their way to the Suez Canal
He gained heroic stature in leading his troops on the epic journey across much of Africa for more than 18 months |
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Kulaks
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Richer Russian peasants
Stalin excluded them from the new collective farms, so many were killed or deported to other parts of the country |
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Stalinist Terror
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Also known as the Great Purges
Between 1936 and 1941 close to 1 million people were executed based on suspicious associations, usually wrong, about foreign connections, mostly with the enemy Nazis The horrors of this contributed to the wearing away at communist claims of moral superiority over capitalism Democracy was now more widely embraced |
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Anna Akhmatova
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Russia's most famous modern poet
Famously documented her experience about living without her imprisoned son that affected countless other mothers during the Terror |
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Great Leap Forward
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A Chinese movement that attempted to stop the process of industrialization
It was an effort to mobilize immediately the enormous population for rapid development At the same time move toward a more fully communist society without waiting for industrial development to provide the material basis for that transition. The disruptions and resentments it caused coupled with severe droughts and floods threw China into a severe crisis Famine caused the death of 20 million people |
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Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
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Another one of Mao's campaign's in China to combat the capitalist tendencies that he believed had penetrated the highest ranks of the Communist Party itself
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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Came to power of the Soviet Union in 1985 and tried to save Soviet socialism through programs such as perestroika.
It only exacerbated the country's many difficulties and led to the political disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 |
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Mahatma Gandhi
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He is the most widely admired figure in the global struggle against colonial rule in India
He sought an independent and nonindustrial India and eventually it was achieved although with great violence He called for the moral transformation of individuals |
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Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
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Became the leader of the new nation of Turkey after WWI
Wanted to transform this country into a more European one by getting rid of Islam in public life, including the emancipation of women Most reforms did not last but the powerful military he established did |
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Nelson Mandela
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Became a leader of the African National Congress in South Africa in the 1950s
Was imprisoned after demonstrating through boycotts, strikes and demonstrations against apartheid Was not released until 1990 |
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A. Adu Boahen
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Ghanian historian
Highlights the positive and negative (mostly) aspects of colonial rule Explains why Africa is technologically backward, no diversification among products, weak economies, illiteracy, downgrading status of women, condemned anything traditional |
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Mildred Malineo Tau
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Lesotho, South Africa's ambassador to the US, Mexico and Brazil
Wrote an essay reflecting the view of international feminism and how important women are to society with agriculture and family life |
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Asante Kingdom
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Powerful conquest state in a region known as the Gold Coast
Incorporated 3 million people Heavily invested in the slave trade, for it got a lot of slaves from its wars of expansion and from the tribute of its subject people, while others labored in the gold mines of Asante |
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Battle of Adowa
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1896
Menelik, monarch of Ethiopia, won against the Italians who were seeking to add Ethiopia to their country's African empire in the scramble for Africa By their victory, Ethiopia became a continental symbol of African bravery and resistance in the face of European imperialism |
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Paisley
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Center of the weaving industry in the 19th century
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Peat
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Harvested as an important source of fuel in some parts of the world
Covers about 3 million square kilometers |
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Flying shuttle
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One of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving
Allows for automatic weaving and a single weaver to weave much wider fabrics |
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Luddites
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Against changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution
Was a social movement of 19th century English textile artisans Protested by destroying mechanized looms |
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Vin Mariani
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Tonic and patent medicine created in 1863
Created by a French chemist who was interested in the economic potential of coca Made the drink with coca leaves, of which the ethanol extracted the coca |
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Robert Darnton
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Leading historian of 18th century France
Enlightenment, Cat Massacre |
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Christine Lagarde
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Managing director of the International Monetary Fund as of July 2011
First woman to ever run the IMF |
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Phalansteres
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Type of building design for a utopian community designed by Charles Fourier
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Fukuzawa Yukichi
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19th century Japanese political theorist, author and writer
His ideas about government and social institutions made a lasting impression on a rapidly changing Japan during the Meiji Era. |
