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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What disease is present in apprx. 1/3 of the population?
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Either tuberculosis or Multi drug resistant-tuberculosis
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Tuberculosis
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- chronic, not acute.
- found in the lungs - mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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What is the causative agent of Malaria?
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Plasmodium: vivax, falciparum, malariae, ovale,
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Phisiology what happens pathologically in the disease: Malaria
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1. Mosquito genus Anopheles transmits plasmodium vector to human.
2. Vector (sporozite) invades the liver. 3. Change into merozoites and migrate to RBCs. 4. Mature into Trophozoites in RBCs, which become either more merozoites, or gametocytes. 5. Gametocytes get removed by mosquito where reproduction can occur and complete cycle. |
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Which plasmodium is most viscious, prevalent, and lethal?
Why? |
Plasmodium Falcipurum is not limited to any certain RBCs, it invades them all, both old and young.
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What are the symptoms of Malaria?
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Chills, followed by bout fever and sweating and repeated.
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What is Leprosy and what is the clinical disease name?
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Hansen's disease is casued by Mycobacterium Leprae, which multiplies in bundle sheaths of nerves and causes loss of sensation especially to skin which is suceptible to other infections.
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Variola virus is the causative agent of what disease?
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Smallpox
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What is the incubation period of Variola virus?
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7 - 17 days (average 12 days)
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Is smallpox still endemic today?
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No, it was officially deemed eradicated by WHO in 1979.
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What is an epidemiological transition?
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A change in human disease patterns caused by changes in human culture.
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Timing and causes of the 3 epidemiological transitions?
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1. 10,000 YA
2. Mid 19th century During industrial revolution 3. Now |
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What impact did origin of agriculture play on human health.
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1. 10,000 y.a. shift from hunter gatherers to agriculture and sedentism (settling down permanently). This allowed pathogens to be better opportunistic and more frequent.
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What is Zoonosis/Zoonoses?
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Diseases that can be passed between animals to humans.
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What diseases were prevalent in the Late Pleistocene?
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130,000 to 10,000 years BP
- from lecture notes we don't have a whole lot of evidence for diseases from this period. |
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Heirloom vs. Souvenir species
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- Heirloom species that is endemic in population for a long time.
- Souvenir species are picked up from non-humun species (zoonoses) and incidentally infects humans. |
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Disease in late Pleistocene
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Evidence is limited, but appears that overall health was good until Late Upper Paleolithic. 1 case of otitis, 1 case acute periosititis.
- All health declined from Early UP to LUP. - also decreased in stature |
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Australia and disease and its spread
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- natural pathogenic barrier
- local disease of mega fauna, but all are extinct. - little paleopathological evidence. |
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TB obligate vs. oppurtunistic pathogens
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TB - is an opportunistic pathogen meaning it doesn't have to survive in humans (not obligate pathogen).
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What is the relationship between M. Tuberculosis and M. Bovis?
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M.Bovis originally thought to be ancestor to M. Tuberculosis (came from domesticating cattle), but evidence doesn't support theory
- In americas 1300 years ago - multiple different genetic loci |
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When is the first historical evidence of TB?
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China 4700 years ago.
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When is the first skeletal evidence of TB?
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Italy 7800 years ago, also found in Egypt 4500 BC
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Evidence for Tuberculosis increased in what time period?
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Medieval period in Europe due to population aggregation, poverty and malnutrition.
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What types of skeletal evidence is there for TB?
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Spine TB (Kyphosis), TB of sacro-iliac joint (hip joint), and TB of the knee joint.
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What is Pott's disease and where was it prevalent?
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Spine TB is called Pott's disease and was prevalent in egypt, but also in precolumbian america.
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When was TB most prevalent in Pre-columbian Americas?
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1000 to 1500 AD but most prevalent in S. America between 1200 - 1300 AD
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Which disease has the strongest known selective pressure on humans?
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Malaria
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How many people are infected by malaria each year and how many of those die?
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-300 to 500 million are infected
-1.5 to 3 million die each year most under 5 yrs old. That's more than HIV killed in over 15 yyrs. |
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What are the four malaria species that are pathogenic to humans?
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Plasmodium: vivax, falciparum, malariae, and ovale.
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What does malaria cause that is prevalent for palepathologists?
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Causes severe anemia (low levels of iron) due to lack of RBC and bone absorption is used to thicken diplo. Causes cribra obitalia and porotic hyperstosis.
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