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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Absolute poverty
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the poor lack the basic resources necessary to sustain life
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Accretion disc
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rotating, planar accumulation of cosmic dust and debris that coalesces into a solar system
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Age structure
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the interaction between natality and mortality affects growing and declining populations differently such that they have very different proportions of individuals in certain age classes
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Autotrophs
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the first trophic level consisting of plants which PRODUCE complex molecules through photosynthesis
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Biosphere
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a theoretical concept that categorizes life within a range of about 5 miles above the surface of the Earth, to about 5 miles below the surface
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Birth rate
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annual number of births per 1000 people in the total population
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Birth spacing
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the time between births as an indicator of family planning
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Bureaucracy
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a form of social organization based on written rules and procedures, designed to coordinate the actions of large numbers of people
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Burden of disease
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a categorical concept that labels the health challenges of a geographic area by their prevalence
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Carrying capacity
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the maximum number of individuals that can be supported on a long-term basis by a particular ecosystem
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Caste system
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a stratification system in which movement between strata is virtually closed, so individuals stay, for their entire lives, in the stratum into which they were born
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Class system
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a stratification system in which movement between strata is possible, so individuals can change strata over the course of their lives
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Climate
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the average weather in a region
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Colonialism
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the conquest of one country by another, resulting in the former ruling the latter, claiming its natural resources, and exploiting the population as cheap or slave labor
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Complex emergency
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a crisis that may include natural disasters, drought, famine or war
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DALY
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disability-adjusted life years; estimating the burden of disease of a population by assigning weights to the average number of years lost to disability and death due to various causes
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Death rate
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annual number of deaths per 1000 people in the total population
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Demographic transition
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a typical pattern of falling birth and death rates due to improved living conditions associated with economic development
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Dependency ratio
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the number of non-working (kids and seniors) in a population, divided by the number of working age people in the same population
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Dependency theory
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a theory that explains the poverty of low-income countries as the result of the policies and practices that high-income countries pursue to amass greater wealth while putting low-income countries in a position of relative dependency on them (e.g., extracting resources)
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Desertification
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denuding and degrading a once-fertile land which initiates a desert-producing cycle
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Disease
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a deleterious change to the body’s condition in response to an environmental factor that could be nutritional, chemical, biological or psychological
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Distributive justice
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benefits and risks of research and policy should be equally distributed to all people
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DOTS
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directly-observed therapy (short-course); a strategy for assuring drug treatment compliance, usually associated with tuberculosis
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Economic culture
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the system of values, beliefs, and traditions in which economic activities and economic institutions exist
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Epidemiology
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the study of disease in the population
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Epidemiologic transition
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a result of technology and nutrition which shape the main burdens of disease of a population. Low income countries experience infectious diseases, chronic illnesses and nutrition related illnesses. High income countries experience chronic illnesses and age-related diseases.
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FAO
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
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Fecundity
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the physical ability to reproduce
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Fertility
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the actual number of offspring produced
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Fertility rate
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the average number of children per woman (aka Total Fertility Rate or TFR)
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Food safety
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ability of a community to assure supply and quality of food
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Food security
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the ability of a community to assure food supply to the population
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Gini Index
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a measure of the inequality in the distribution of incomes within a particular country, ranging between 0 (equality) and 100 (inequality)
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Global stratification
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the ranking of the nations of the world in terms of wealth and political power and, to a lesser extent, prestige
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Gross domestic product (GDP)
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consumption + gross investment +government spending + (exports – imports)
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Gross National Product (GNP)
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consumption + gross investment +government spending + net foreign income
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Herd immunity
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reducing the percentage of a population that is susceptible to an infection reduces the risk for the entire population
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Heterotrophs
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the category containing the 1st and 2nd trophic levels, containing primary and secondary consumers; respectively. Heterotrophs are both herbivores and carnivores
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High-income countries
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industrial countries with an annual per capita GNI above $11,906
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Human Development Index (HDI)
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an estimate of national development based on composite data on longevity (life expectancy at birth), knowledge (adult literacy rate and mean years of schooling), and income (GDP per capita)
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Human poverty
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a measure used by the United Nations Development Programme to assess deprivation in three essential elements of life (longevity, knowledge [education], and a decent standard of living)
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Immigration
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movement of populations from one region to another
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Incidence
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rate of new cases of a diagnosis within a period
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Inequality
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the differential allocation of rewards, opportunities, and other resources among the members of a society
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Infant mortality rate
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the number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1,000 live births
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Internally displaced person (IDP)
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one who fled their home community because of civil war, famine, natural disaster or another crisis, but did not cross into another country.
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Kuznets curve
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the theory that during the transitional stage of development from agriculture to industry, inequality will increase, but conditions will improve once industrialization is established
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Life expectancy at birth
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the average number of years a person can expect to live after birth
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Life span
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the longest period of life reached by a given population
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Living systems theory
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Living systems are by definition open self-organizing systems that have the special characteristics of life and interact with their environment. This takes place by means of information and material-energy exchanges. Systems exist at eight "nested" hierarchical levels: cell, organ, organism, group, organization, community, society, and supranational system.
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Lower-middle income countries
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countries with an annual per capita GNI between $976 and $3,855
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Low-income countries
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countries with an annual per capita GNI of $975 or less; also referred to as underdeveloped countries
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Macroeconomic indicators
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measures of the amount of economic activity in a country
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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
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Formulated in 2000 at the UN Millennium Summit, there are 8 MDGs composed of 21 Target achievements. These are explicit goals of many developing countries and therefore, explain the behaviors of these countries
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Modernization theory
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a theory that focuses on the cultural conditions that are necessary for a country to become economically developed – that is, fully modern
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Morbidity
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the rate of illness during a specific period
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Mortality
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the death rate during a specific period
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Multinational corporations
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large corporations that engage in production and marketing in numerous countries throughout the world
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Natality
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the addition of new individuals to a population by birth
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Neocolonialism
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the relationships between multinational corporations and low-income countries in which the economic power of the multinationals dominates low-income countries in ways similar to the political control previously exercised by foreign governments
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Passive immunity
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an immune response that is acquired through breastmilk or immunoglobulin shots
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Per capita GNP
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the total value of the goods and services produced in a country each year, divided by the number of people in the county’s population
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Population density
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land area per person
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Population momentum
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when a population contains a large number of prereproductive individuals
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Population planning
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accounting for current and future population needs for the purpose of policy development
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Population pyramid
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an age structure diagram that depicts males and females graphed against a central axis (two back-to-back bar graphs). Normally bars represent five-year age groups, but not always.
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Precautionary Principle
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When an activity (policy) threatens to create harm, it is best to be cautious even if there is no solid scientific proof that harm with manifest (e.g., carbon emissions and global warming)
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Prevalence
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the total number of cases accumulated during a period of measurement; often one year.
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QUALYs
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quality of life years; a measurement concept that adjusts longevity with measures of satisfaction and functionality (?)
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Refugee
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a person who has been forced to involuntarily move from their home country for security relative to war, civil war, political strife, or persecution.
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Relative poverty
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the poor lack many of the resources available to the rest of the population, but nevertheless have the basic necessities of life
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Social class
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an individual’s socioeconomic position in society based on their role in production
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Social institutions
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a set of social processes and social structures that operate to address a social need; teach individuals what to expect of others in terms of values, beliefs, norms, traditions and general behavior
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Social stratification
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a system of ranking people in a hierarchy according to certain attributes
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Sub-replacement fertility
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a total fertility rate that is not high enough to replace and area’s population
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Total fertility rate (TFR)
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average number of children born per woman for a given geography
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Upper-middle income countries
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countries with an annual per capita GNI between about $3,856 and $11,905
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Vital statistics
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the information maintained by a government, recording the birth and death of individuals within a government’s jurisdiction…in the United States this is done by the National Center for Health Statistics of the CDC
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Wealth
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the material component of stratification, determined by income and other assets
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WHO definition of health
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a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
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World systems theory
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a theory that emphasizes the interconnections of countries in the global capitalist production process, which results in an uneven distribution of profits across the countries depending on their participation in core or peripheral production activities
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