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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Health status |
An individual or populations overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors |
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Human development |
Creating an environment in which people can develop to thir full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests. It is about expanding people's choices and enhancing capabilities (the range of things people can be and do), having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives |
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Human development index |
A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries' levels of social and economic development. It provides a signle statistic based on three dimensions - health, education and living standards, and four indicators - life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and gross national income per capita |
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Developing country |
A country that has not progressed adequately with regard to economic, demographic and mortality indicators |
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Life expectancy |
An indication of how long a person can expect to live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if current death rates do not change |
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Health adjusted life expectancy |
A measure of burden of disease, based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality |
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Mortality |
Deaths in a population |
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Maternal mortality ratio |
The rate of deaths of women who are either pregnant or in the first 42 days after giving birth or having a termination, expressed per 100,000 live births |
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Infant mortality |
Measures the rate of deaths of infants between birth and their first birthday, usually expressed per 1,000 live births |
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Under 5 mortality |
The number of deaths of children under 5 years of age per 1000 live births |
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Morbidity |
Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group |
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Burden of disease |
A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the disability adjusted life years (DALYs) |
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Communicable disease |
Can be passed on from the environment to the individual. This can be from one person to another, from insects or from the physical environment |
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Non-communicable disease |
Disease that is not passed on through a pathogen (such as a bacteria or virus) but is a result of genetic or lfiestyle factors |
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Developed country |
a country that has progressed adequately with regard to economic, demographic and mortality indicators |
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Characteristics of developed and developing countries |
Economic, social and environmental characteristics |
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Economic characteristics of developed countries |
Wide range of industries, many opportunities for global trade, high average incomes, low international debt |
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Gross domestic product (GDP) |
A measure that reflects the economic state of a country. GDP is a value fo all goods and services produced in a country in a 12 month period |
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Gross national income (GNI) |
A measure that reflects the economic state of a country. GNI is the total income generated by a country in a 12 month period once expenses owing to other countries have been paid |
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Social characteristics of developed countries |
Gender equality, low birth rates, high levels of employment, high levels of education, social security systems, developed health systems, access to technology, developed legal systems, no history of colonisation |
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Environmental characteristics of developed countries |
Adequate infrastructure, safe water and sanitation, access to food, adequate housing |
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Mortality strata A |
Child mortality - Very low Adult mortality - Very low Country examples - Australia, Israel, Canada, USA, UK |
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Mortality strata B |
Child mortality - Low Adult mortality - Low Country examples - China, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Mexico |
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Mortality strata C |
Child mortality - Low Adult mortality - High Country examples - Russian Federation, Ukraine |
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Mortality strata D |
Child mortality - High Adult mortality - High Country examples - Afghanistan, Iraq, Morocco, sudan, peru |
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Mortality strata E |
Child mortality - High Adult mortality - Very High Country examples - Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda |
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Human development index dimensions |
Health, Education, Living Standards |
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Human development index indicators |
Life expectancy at birth, Mean years of schooling, Expected years of schooling, Gross National Income per capita |
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Sustainability |
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs |
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Economic sustainability |
This dimension relates to the capacity of future generations to earn an income and the efficient use of resources to allow economic growth over time. Developing countries often experience low levels of economic sustainability |
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Social sustainability |
This dimension relates to future generations having the same or improved access to social resources such as human rights, political stability and education |
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Environmental sustainability |
This dimension relates to ensuring the natural environment is utilised in a way that will preserve resources into the future. Human activities should use natural resources only at a rate that allows these resources to replenish for future generations. In developin countries this is often a challenge, as many of these countries exploit their natural environment as a means of generating income and facilitating trade |
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Sustainability programs must include which three elements? |
Appropriateness, affordability and equity |
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5 key elements for appropriateness=sustainability |
1. Involve the people 2. Choose the right aid to reach poor people 3. Focus on involving and educating women 4. Focus on education 5. Ensure programs are culturally appropriate |
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5 important factors ensuring the equity of implemented programs |
1. Creating policies that act to improve and protect the environments in which vulnerable groups live, such as urban slums and rural and remote areas 2. Funding the most urgent needs of vulnerable groups 3. Providing education for vulnerable groups 4. Developing programs in urban slums and in rural and remote areas 5. Ensuring health care is provided based on clinical need as opposed to the ability to pay |
