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476 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Absolutism
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a system of government where a ruler has complete control over the lives of the people
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Acid rain
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the precipitation or rain that falls through polluted air
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Acupuncture
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an ancient Chinese practice of sticking needles into certain parts of the body to treat disease and to relieve pain
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Adaptation
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adjustment to the conditions of the environment or culture
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Agriculture
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using the land to produce crops and raise livestock; farming
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Agronomist
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a person who studies soil management and field crop production
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Ahisma
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Indian idea of nonviolent action as suggested by Mohandes Gandhi
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AIDS
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the illness known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
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Ainu
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among the earliest known people to live in Japan
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Allah
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the one god of Islam
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Alliance
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joining together of groups by formal agreement
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Altitude
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height of the land above sea level
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Animism
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traditional African religion; the worship of spirits that are part of the natural environment- belief that the spirits dwell in living things
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Annex
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to join or add to a larger or more important thing
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Anthropologist
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social scientist who studies people, their culture, and their different ways of living and behavior, physical characteristics, origins, cultures, and artifacts of human beings
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Anti-semitism
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hostility and prejudice against jews
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Apartheid
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(Afrikaans word- apartness) a policy of segregation and political and economic discrimination against non-European groups in South Africa- practiced in South Africa from 1945 until repealed in 1991
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Appeasement
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satisfying an aggressor's requests in the hope that no more harsh requests will be made
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Arable
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fertile; suitable for growing crops
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Arbitrator
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a person chosen to settle a dispute between two groups
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Archaeologist
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social scientist who studies the cultures or prehistoric and historic peoples through their artifacts, such as tools, pottery, building, and writing
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Archipelago
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a chain or group of islands
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Artifacts
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objects made by either hand or machine representing a particular culture
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Artisan
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trained or skilled worker; craftsman
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Audiencia
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the highest court of Spanish colonial America
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Autocrat
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one person, who has supreme, unresticted power over people
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Autonomous
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self-governing; independent
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Balance of payments
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a summary of international trade (exports and imports) of a country or region over a period of time
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Bantu
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a large group of Africans who speak a common language
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Bedouins
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nomadic Arabic livestock-raisers and -herders
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Bible
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the holy book of Christians. It contains both the Old Testament and the New Testament. The old Testament is called the Tanakh by Jews. Jews do not accept the New Testament as a holy book.
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Bicameral
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a two-house legislature
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Bilateral
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affecting two sides or parties in any negotiation
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Boers
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South Africans of Dutch or Huguenot descent; from the Dutch word for farmers
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Boycott
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to refuse to buy and use certain goods
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Bride price
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payment made by a man to a woman's father to be allowed to marry her; bride wealth
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Bunraku
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Japanese puppet play
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Bushido
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Japanese Samurai Code of Behavior; similar to the feudal code of behavior of the European knights, called chivalry
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Cacao
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the seeds of a tree from which cocoa and chocolate are made
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Caliph
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a successor of Muhammed as spiritual and temporal head of Islam
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Calligraphy
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artistic writing, especially common in China and Japan
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Capital
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the things used to produce goods and services; money used to develop a country's economy
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Capitalism
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an economic system based on private rather than government ownership
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Cartographer
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someone who makes maps
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Cash crop
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the chief agricultural product raised in an economy in order to sell and obtain income
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Caste
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social system in India in which people are grouped according to occupation, wealth, inherited position, or religion (Hinduism)
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Caudillo or Cacique
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powerful South American leader or dictator
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Civilization
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level of development of a group; includes food-producing ability, government and methods of communication
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Clan
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people within an ethnic group who are descended from a common ancestor
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Class
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people grouped according to similar social and economic levels
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Climate
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the general existing weather conditions over an area for a long period of time
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Coalition
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voluntary union of interest groups, political parties, or nations
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Collectives
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a system in which a farming community shares ownership of land and farm machinery
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Colonialism
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a situation in which one group, often a nation, has control over and is depended upon by another area or people
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Colony
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a body of people living in a separate territory but retaining ties with the parent state
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Commonwealth
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a nation or state
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Commune
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often rural community characterized by collective ownership and use of property
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Communication
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the ability to send or receive information and ideas
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Communism
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economic system in which a single party controls the means of production with the aim of establishing a classless society
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Community
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a group living together having the same laws, and sharing common interests
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Confederation
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alliance or league
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Conservation
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protection of natural resources; conserve, to save for the future
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Conservatism
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a desire to maintain traditional customs and practices, and to make any changes very slowly
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Containment
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a policy followed by the United States and the free world during the Cold War, to prevent the spread of communism beyond where it already existed (i.e., China and the Soviet Union)
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Continent
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a large landmass; one of the seven great divisions of land on the globe
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Cooperative
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a community system operated by and benefiting all members who contribute to it
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Coup d'etat
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sudden and violent overthrow of a government by a small group
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Creole (criollo)
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a white person descended from French or Spanish settlers of the US gulf states
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Crusades
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military campaigns and pilgrimages by European Christians to win the Holy land from the Muslims (1096-1204)
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Cultivated
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land prepared for the raising of crops
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Cultural diffusion
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spread of cultural traits such as ideas, customs, and technology from one group or region to another
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Culture
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the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of an ethnic, religious, or social groups; the way of life which includes language, customs, religion, traditions, and institutions
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Cuneiform
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ancient Sumerian form of writing which involves writing in wedge-shaped characters. It was developed around 3000 BC and formed by pressing a stick into wet clay
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Customs
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usual ways of acting in a particular situation
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Cyrillic
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the alphabet used for Russian and other Slavic
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Deficit
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lacking in amount or quantity
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Deforestation
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the action of clearing forests of their trees, especially the tropical rain forest, to clear the land to raise food or sell the lumber. The remaining soil is of poor quality because heavy rains wash away the nutrients; the land becomes barren
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Deity
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a god or goddess
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Delta
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the land that is formed by mud and sand at the mouth of a river
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Democracy
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a political system in which the people participate in the making of their own laws or elect representatives to make the laws
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Desert
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a barren, extremely dry area
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Détente
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the friendly relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1970s
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Developed nation
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a nation with a stable economy and a modern standard of living for its people
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Dharma
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the law in the Buddhist religion; correct behavior, virtue in Hinduism
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Dialects
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a regional or local variety of languages
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Diaspora
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the lands where people live outside of their original homeland
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Dichotomy
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a division into two individual groups
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Dictator
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someone who has taken complete control of a country's government and the lives of the people
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Diversity
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not alike; variety
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Doctrine
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a position or principle taught and believed in by a church or government
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Drought
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a long period of dry weather over an area
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Dynasty
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a powerful group or family that rules for many years
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Economic
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relating to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
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Ecosystem
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an ecological unit consisting of a community and its environment
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Elevation
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the height of land above sea level; altitude
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Encomiendo
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a grant of land given by the king of Spain for loyal services
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Environment
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all of the natural, physical, and cultural conditions that surround and affect people
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Equator
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an imaginary line circling the earth and equally distant from the North pole and the South pole
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Ethnic Cleansing
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act of persecuting members of an ethnic group by killing them or by removing them from an area
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Ethnic group
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a group of people who have common physical traits, history, and culture, and language, and heritage
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Ethnocentrism
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prejudicial belief that one's own group or culture is superior to others
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Euro
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the uniform european currency introduced in 1999
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Excommunicate
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process of expulsion from the Roman Catholic Church, usually because of the disobedience and violation of Church rules and laws
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Exploit
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to make unfair or selfish use of something or someone
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Extended Family
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a family that includes other members besides mother, father, sons, and daughters; for example, grandparents, and the structure exist mainly in a traditional society
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Extraterritoriality
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special right of citizens of a foreign country to be tried for a crime by the laws and courts of their own nation; applied to Westerners in China during the 19th and 20th centuries
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Extremists
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people who go to the greatest extent, including violence, to achieve their goals
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Factions
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clique; a party or a group
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Fallow
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plowed land that is not planted for one or more seasons
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Favela
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a part of a brazilian town or city where the poor and landless live
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Federation
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a union of equal organizations that give power to a central group
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Fetish
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any real object worshipped by people for its supposed magical powers
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Feudalism
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the political and economic system in which the vassal pledges loyalty and service to a lord in return for land protection
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Genocide
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the destruction of a particular group of people
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Gentry
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people belonging to the upper or ruling class of society
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Ghats
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low mountains on the east and west side of the Deccan region in South India
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Global village
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describes the current state of our world, in which events or actions in one part of the world affect other parts of the world
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Greenhouse effect
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harmful warming of the earth's surface and lower layers of the atmosphere, caused by an increase in carbon dioxide and pollutants that create a layer and trap heat in the atmosphere
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GDP (Gross domestic product)
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the total value of all goods and services produced in a country during a year; indicator of a country's standard of living
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Guerilla
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member of a group that carries on raids and fights an established government
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Habitat
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the natural environment in which people, animals, and plants live or grow
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Hacienda
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a large land estate or ranch in Spanish America, mainly in Mexico
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Haiku
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a Japanese form of poetry
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Haj
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the pilgrimage to Makkah that all Muslims should take as one of their five obligations
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Hellenistic
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Greek culture spread by Alexander the Great on areas he conquered
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Heritage
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that which is passed from one generation to the next
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Hindi
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the major language of India
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Hijra
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the flight by Muhammed from Mecca to Medina in 622. Sometimes spelled as Hegira, its date is the most important date in Islamic history and begins the Muslim calendar
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Humanism
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a belief in the importance of the individual human being, the idea that humans can accomplish great things without regard to supernatural and religious factors. Humanism also emphasized worldly items rather than religious ones. It was a movement that grew during the Renaissance
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Hydroelectric
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relating to the production of electricity through the use of water power
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Imam
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leader of the shi'ite Muslims; prayer leader of a mosque
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Inflation
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the great increase in the amount of paper money in relation to the available goods for sale; this situation leads to rising prices
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Infrastructure
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the basic transportation and communication system of a nation
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Internet
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a global computer network that links computers together and enable global communication between users
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Intervention
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the policy of interfering in the affairs of another nation
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Irrigation
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the watering of crops or other plants by pipes, canals, and ditches
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Island
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a land mass completely surrounded by water
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Isolation
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separation from others
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Isthmus
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a narrow strip of land connecting two large land masses and separating two large bodies of water
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Jihad
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Islamic (muslim) holy war to spread their faith
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Joint family
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a family pattern in which two or more generations live together
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Judaism
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the oldest of the Middle East religions; the main idea of Judaism is the belief in one God (monotheism); religion of the Hebrews whose spiritual and ethical principles are rooted in the Old Testament of the Bible and in the Talmud
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Junta
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a group of military officers who rule a country after seizing power
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Kabbah
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a shrine located in the Great Mosque in Makkah and considered to be the holiest site for Muslims
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Kabuki
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a form of Japanese drama with song and dance
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Kami
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good spirits of nature to the japanese
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Karma
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Hindu idea that every human action brings about certain reactions; people's lifelong deeds and actions affect their fate in their future life
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Kibbutz
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an Israeli community of farmers (collective farms established by Jewish settlers) who work together and share all the property and income (socialist ideas)
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Koran
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the holy/sacred book of Islam (Muslims) containing the revelations made by Allah to Muhammad
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Laissez faire
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the theory that government should intervene as little as possible in a nation's economic affairs
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Landlocked
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describes an area or region completely surrounded by land without access to a sea or ocean
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Language
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a systematic verbal method of communication among a group of people
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Latifundia
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large farms, ranches, or plantations in Spanish America
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Leaching
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the washing away of nutrients from the soil
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Leftist
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a person who favors change or reforms, usually in the name of greater freedom
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Liberalism
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a political philosophy favoring change and progress in political and cultural traditions (democracy)
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Lines of latitude
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imaginary parallel lines running east and west around the globe; these lines measure distance north and south of the equator
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Literate
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having the ability to read and write a language
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Llanos
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plains in Colombia and Venezuela; from the Spanish word for 'plains'
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Mandate
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an order or command; a commission set up to rule an area
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Marxist
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one who believes in socialism as a method of government
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Matriarchal
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a family group led by the mother
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Medieval
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the "Middle Ages" or time between the Roman period and the Renaissance in European history; approximately between CE 500 and 1500
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Mercantile System
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a system in which a colony's only purpose is to provide raw materials for the mother country and act as a market in which products from the mother country can be sold; the colony exists solely for the support of the mother country
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Mestizo
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a person of mixed European and Native American ancestry in the Spanish colonies of Latin America
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Propaganda
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the spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of furthering one's position or cause to injure another
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Provincial
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local; relating to a province or district
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Quarantine
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to blockade in order to prevent the transfer of goods
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Quechua
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the language of the Incas, still spoken by the Indians of Peru, Bolivia, Ecaudor, Chile, and Argentina
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Rabbi
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a Jewish religious leader
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Race
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a division of people having certain similar physical characteristics
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Radical
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one who favors extreme changes in government or society
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Rain forest
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a forest of hardwood evergreen trees that requires very heavy rainfall
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Rajah
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Indian ruler
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Realism
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a writing style that attempts to portray life as it really happens
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Rebellion
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armed resistance or fighting against one's government, political system, or culture
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Referendum
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a practice of submitting to popular vote a measure passes or proposed by a legislative body or by popular demands
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Refugee
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someone who leaves his or her homeland to seek a safe place to live
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Region
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an area of land whose parts have one or more similar characteristics
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Regionalism
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loyalty to local economic and social affairs, customs, and traditions
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Reincarnation
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the Hindu belief that the soul is reborn in different forms that indicate whether a person led a good or bad life
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Republic
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a type of government in which leaders are chosen by the citizens
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Revolution
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basic change in or complete overthrow of an existing government, political system, or culture
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Rift Valley
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a split or separation in the earth's crust; the Great Rift Valley extends from Southwest Asia (Jordan) to Mozambique in East Africa
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Rightist
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one who supports conservatism and resists change
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Romanticism
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a writing style that emphasizes human emotions rather than human reasoning
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Rural
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having to do with farming and the countryside
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Samurai
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the warrior class of feudal Japan during the medieval period
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Sanskrit
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an ancient Indian language; the classical language of Hinduism
-developed during Gupta Dynasty, and used in writing literature |
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Savanna
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a grassland in subtropical areas with drought-resistant undergrowth and few trees
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Schism
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a division or split among people, usually for political or religious reasons
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Secede
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to withdraw from a group or organization
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Sect
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a group believing in a particular idea or leader
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Sectarian
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a member of a sect; a narrow-minded or bigoted person
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Secular
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concerned more with worldly (earthly) matters than with religious matters
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Self-sufficient
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able to meet one's own needs without help
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Sepoy
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a native of India employed as a soldier by the English
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Serf
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a member of a subservient feudal class bound to the soil and subject to the will of a lord; serfs had few rights or privileges
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Shi'ite
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Muslims who believe Ali and the imams to be the only rightful successors of Muhammed
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Shinto
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the original religion of Japan, having gods (Kami) of nature (sea, river, winds, forests, and sun)
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Shogun
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a military leader of Japan before 1867
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Silt
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a deposit of sand and mud along a river
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Slash-and-burn
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a method of clearing land so that it is temporarily usable for farming; used in tropical areas
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Social contract
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the idea that all people have a right to life, liberty, and property, and that, if a government tries to remove these rights, people also have the right to revolt
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Socialist economy
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a system in which the government owns the means for production and distribution of goods
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Source
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origin; place where something begins
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Soviet
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a worker's council set up by the Bolsheviks in 1917; the term was also adopted by them as the name of the communist government of Russia
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Sphere of influence
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an area or region of a country in which a foreign country has exclusive trading privileges such as the right to build raliroads and factories; special regions along the coast of China in the 19th century controlled by European imperial countries
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Stable
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steady; firm; not likely to fall
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Standard of living
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the level of comfort enjoyed by an individual or a group
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Steppe
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flat, treeless plain with short grass found in southeastern Europe or Asia
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Strait
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a narrow channel of water connecting two larger bodies of water
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Subcontinent
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a landmass of great size but smaller than a continent; for example, India
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Subsidy
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a grant or gift of money to assist an enterprise, business, or individual
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Subsistence farming
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the production of all or almost all the goods required by a farm family, usually without any significant surplus for sale
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Suffrage
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the right to vote
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Sultan
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ruler of a Muslim country
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Sunni
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the Muslims of the part of Islam that follow the orthodox tradition
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Superpower
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a nation with greater military and/or economic power than other nations
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Suttee
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the act or custom of a Hindu widow being cremated on the funeral pyre of her husband
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Swahili
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a Bantu language of East Africa used for trade and government; has many Arabic, Persian, and Indian words
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Swaraj
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Indian term for self-rule
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Taiga
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a forested area in Russia and other places near the ARtic
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Taimud
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books containing Jewish civil and religious law and tradition
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Tanakh
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refers to the Jewish bible (called the Old Testament by Christians). Also spelled as Tanach, it consists of holy books in three categories: the Torah, Prophets, and Writings
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Tariff
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a tax on goods brought into a country from another country usually to protect industries from foreign competition
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Terraced farmland
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flat shelves of land, arranged like wide steps on a mountainside
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Terrorism
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the idea of using violence and fear of violence to gain an objective
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Textiles
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fibers and yarns made into cloth and then into clothing
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Third World
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refers to the developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America
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Topography
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the surface features of a place or area
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Totalitarianism
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all parts of life- economic, social, political, religious, and educational-are controlled by the state
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Trade deficit
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when the imports of a nation exceed it exports
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Trade surplus
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exports of a nation are greater than the imports of that nation
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Tradition
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the handing down of information, beliefs, and customs from one generation to another
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Tribalism
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tribal relationships, feelings, and loyalties
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Tribe
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a group of people who share a common language and religion and are united under one leader
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Tributary
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the branches of a large river
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Tropical
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having to do with the hot areas near the equator
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Typhoon
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a tropical storm or cyclone found in the China Sea and Indian Ocean
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Underdeveloped
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an area with little industry that is in an early stage of economic development
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Unique
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one of a kind
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Untouchable
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a person belonging to the lowest caste of the Hindu social order
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Uprising
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revolt; rebellion; an act of popular violence in defiance of an established government
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Urban
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relating to a city
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Values
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attitudes or beliefs considered to be important by a group
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Vassal
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a person under the protection of a feudal lord to whom he has vowed his loyalty and service; a subordinate or follower
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Veld
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South African steppe or prairie
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Vernacular
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the style of language used in a certain area
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Viceroy
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the governor of a country or a province who rules as the king's representative
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Yoruba
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an African tribe living in present-day Nigeria
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Zambo
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a person of mixed Native American and African parentage in Latin America
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Zionism
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a theory for setting up a Jewish national community in the Middle East and supporting the modern state of Israel
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ANC (African National Congress)
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group formed in 1912 to work for blacks' rights in South Africa. This group led the fight against apartheid and continues to encourage independence for the black majority
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Arabic Numerals
|
numbers first developed by mathematicians in Gupta, India, and adapted by most of the Western World
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Gupta Empire
|
-Second classical golden age occurs
-controlled much of northern India -notable for achievements in mathematics (zero and the decimal system), literature (shakespearean poetry and drama of Kalidasa), science (the concept of gravity), art, architecture, and religion (the expansion of Hinduism) -Repelled invaders and controlled trade routes across the Arabian Sea and bay of Bengal -presided another era of peace and propserity until their strength was sapped in the process of stemming yet another invasion from Central Asia by "White Huns" -period of centralization and stability -Founded by Chandragupta I at beginning of 4th century -Rulers consolidated northern India under control -stretched from the Himalayas to th enorth to the Vindhya Range in south and Deccan Plateau -Indus Valley to west to the Brahmaputra to Ganges River -Cultural achievements'Heavy taxes and abuses of the rulers were abolished Gupta rule was enlightened -Golden Age of Hinduism -Ajanta Caves constructed -Indians developed Ar |
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Chandragupta
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-founded the Gupta Empire
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Ashoka
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-promoted religious tolerance
-widely popular -expanded land and government -mogul empire |
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Maurya Empire
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-chandragupta maurya founded
-ashoka first rules |
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Tang Dynasty
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-after fall of han dynasty
-expanded control to include nearly all of modern-day china -established strong central government -council -promoted trade -china becomes rich -golden age |
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Song Dynasty
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-golden age
-trade and culture flourished -invented compass -defeated by mongols |
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Astrolabe
|
instrument that determines latitude by measuring the position of the stars; one of the technological improvements that the Europeans borrowed from the Muslims that contributed to the Age of Exploration
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Balance of trade
|
difference in value between a nation's imports and exports over a period of time
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Black Death
|
bubonic plague or contagious disease during the 14th century whose death toll is estimated to have exceeded 100 million in Europe, Asia, and Africa
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Buddhism
|
major religion of eastern and central Asia founded in 6th century BC and based on the teaching of Siddhartha Gautama, who believed people must reject the material world and follow a philosophy of self-denial and meditation
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Bushido
|
traditional code of the Japanese warrior class (the samurai) during the feudal period; emphasizes loyalty and honor to the local warlord over allegiance to the Emperor
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Byzantine Empire
|
Eastern part of the Roman Empire; existed from 330 AD to 1453 AD; preserved the rich cultural heritage of the ancient Greeks; saved Roman texts from destruction after the fall of the western part of the Roman Empire in 476 AD
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Caliph
|
title for the successor to Muhammad as the political and religious leader of Islam
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Calligraphy
|
elaborate handwriting that Chinese and Arab scholars turned into an art form; characters or symbols represent words or ideas
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Caste system
|
division of society into four major groups based on occupation or birth; a rigid social system that was characteristic of traditional Hindu Indian society
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Citizen
|
member of a state or country
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Civil disobedience
|
nonviolent or passive resistance; refusal to obey unjust laws that are morally wrong
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Civilization
|
advanced form of society characterized by a complex social system, some form of writing, and advances in science and technology\
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Clan
|
extended family unit or groups of families that have a common ancestor or family ties
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Class system
|
social division of society based on wealth, birth, education, occupation, or race
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Codified Law
|
organized and written set of rules or laws
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Confucianism
|
belief system based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, also known as Kung Fu Zi; emphasizes traditional values such as obedience, knowing each person's role in society, and respect for education, elders, and leaders
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Conquistadors
|
Spanish explorers who conquered land in the Americas from Spain during the 1500s and 1600s
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Consumer goods
|
tangible economic products used to satisfy the wants and needs of a society
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Cultural Revolution
|
program organized by Mao-Zedong in China in the 1960s against those who opposed the Communist government. Mao used the Red Guards to purge China of anyone who disagreed with his ideas or policies
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Red Guards
|
Chinese Youths used by Mao-Zedong
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Desalination
|
process of removing salt from sea water in order to make it drinkable
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Desertification
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process by which fertile land becomes a desert due to natural causes or sometimes by man's destructive use of the land
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Developed countries
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highly industrialized nations that have advanced technology
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Developing countries
|
countries that are in the process of industrializing, have limited resources, and poor educational an dhealth systems; mainly located in Africa, Asia, and Latin America
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Dharma
|
religious duties and rights of each individual of each class within the Hindu belief system
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Diaspora
|
forced scattering of the Jewish people from their homeland in Palestine by the Chaldeans in 586 BC and later by the Romans in 70 AD, resulting in the establishment of Jewish communities throughout Europe and North Africa; scattering of African people because of the slave trade
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Dictatorship
|
system of government in which one person or one party rules the government with absolute control
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Disarmament
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reduction or limiting weapons and military forces in outlined in a treaty
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Dissident
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a person wh oopenly disagrees with the policies or methods of a political party or government, such as those who disagree with the policies of the communist party in China or Cuba
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Divine right
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belief that the king or queen was God's earthly representative and received all power directly from God
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Domestic system
|
system of manufacturing prior to the Industrial Revolution in which weavers and craftsmen produced goods at home
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Economics
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study of how people make a living; how goods and services are produced and distributed to satisfy people's need
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Embargo
|
government order restricting the selling of a particular product to or trading with another nation
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Empire
|
groups of territories controlled by one ruler or government
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Encomienda
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system established by the Spanish government in the Americas that enabled the colonists to tax or get labor from the Native Americans
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Ethics
|
standards or rules that guide human behavior
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Expansionism
|
policy of increasing a nation's territory at the expense of another nation
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Exploitation
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term used to describe how the mother countries took advantage of their colonies to insure that their own economies grew
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Fertile Crescent
|
large arc of land in the Middle Eastern area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; mostly desert or semiarid land; called the Cradle of Civilization
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Five Pillars of Wisdom
|
basic beliefs of Islam that include: one God, Allah, praying five times a day, fasting during the month of Ramadan, making a pilgrimage to Mecca, and giving alms to the poor
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Fossil Fuels
|
fuel such as oil, coal, wood, and natural gas
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Geography
|
one of the social sciences that studies the people, the environment, and the resources of an area
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Globalization
|
integration of capital, technology, and information across national borders, creating a single global market and, to some degree, a global village
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Great Leap Forward
|
five-year economic program introduced by Mao Zedong in China in 1958; designed to improve China's agricultural and industrial production
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Green Revolution
|
twentieth-century technological advances in agriculture that have led to increased food production on a limited parcel of land
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Heavy industry
|
industries requiring complex machinery in the production or iron, steel, and coal
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Heliocentric Theory
|
belief that the sun is the center of the universe and that earth and the planets revolve around it
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Hierarchy
|
group of people or things arranged or organized by rank or level of importance
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Hieroglyphics
|
ancient Egyptian writing system that uses pictures and symbols to represent sounds, words, or ideas
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Hinduism
|
major religion of India based on a rigid caste system containing rules for proper behavior. Karma, or a person's behavior, influences his or her reincarnation after death into a higher or lower caste. An endless cycle of rebirth is created for each soul
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Holy Land
|
sacred Israel/ Palestine are where Christian, Islamic, and Judaic shrines are located commemorating the birth of their religions
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Human rights
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freedom and rights that all people belonging to a society are entitled to, such as freedom of expression, life, religion, right to vote, and equal protection before the law
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Ideology
|
system of beliefs and ideas that guide a nation or group of people
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Illiteracy
|
inability to read or write; one measure of a country's industrial development and standard of living
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Imperialism
|
policy whereby one nation dominates by direct or indirect rule the political, economic, and social life of a foreign country, region, or area
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Indemnity
|
payment of damages or losses suffered in a war
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Intifada
|
Palestinian uprising against the territory held by Israel that lasted from 1987 to 1988
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Islam
|
name that means submission to the will of god; major religion of the middle east founded in the seventh century AD by the prophet Muhammad whose teachings include belief in one god- Allah
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Islamic Fundamentalists
|
Muslims who believe that public and private behavior should be guided by the principles and values in teh Koran. They are against the materialism of Western Society
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LDC (less-developed countries)
|
countries with few industries and poor health and educational systems
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Liberation Theology
|
movement in the Catholic Church in Latin America in the late 1970s and 1980s urging the clergy to take an active role in changing the social conditions of the poor
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Literacy Rate
|
percentage of people in a country with the ability to read and write; method used to measure the standard of living of a country
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Mandate system
|
belief in ancient China that the Emperor received the authority to rule from heaven (God), and in return, the people owed complete obedience to the ruler; divine right theory
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Market economy
|
economic system in which the laws of supply and demand and the price system influence the decisions of the consumer and the producers of goods
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Meiji Restoration
|
period lasting from 1868 to 1912 when Japan adopted Western ways in order to become a modern adn industrialized nation
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Migration
|
the movement of people from one area or country to another
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Militia
|
citizens who can be called to help defend a nation; this generally does not include the regular armed forces
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Minerals
|
nonliving materials found on or near the earth's surface, such as gold, silver, and lead
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Missionary
|
person who brings his religion to people who are not members of that religion
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Mixed economy
|
an economy that has both capitalistic (free-market) features and government-directed (command) features
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Moderate
|
not extreme
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Moksha
|
the final resting place for all deserving Hindus
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Modernization
|
change in a nation from a traditional economy or way of life to modern ideas, methods, and technology
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Monotheism
|
belief in one god or supreme being
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Monsoons
|
seasonal winds in Asia from the Indian Ocean that bring a wet season with Heavy rain, and from land bring a dry season. dominate the climate of South Asia, the Middle Eats, and East Africa
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Mosque
|
a building used for public worship by muslims
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Multinational Corporation
|
large business enterprises such as Coca-cola and McDonald's that have branches in many countries
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Most-favored nation
|
a part of most trade agreements that gives each nation the same rights as all other trading partners
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Mouth
|
the place where a river empties into a sea, lake, or ocean
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Mulatto
|
a person having one European and on African parent, or a person of mixed European and African ancestry
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Muslim
|
some who practices the religion of Islam
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Nationality
|
a group of people who feel they belong together because of common cultural characteristics like language, religion, history, and traditions
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Navigable
|
deep enough and wide enough for ships to sail on
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Negotiate
|
to confer or bargain in order to arrive at a settlement or solution to a problem
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Neolithic revolution
|
the New Stone AGe (8000-300 BC) or the Agricultural Revolution; changes brought about when people began to settle in small communities, domesticated animals, and secured food by farming
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Neutrality
|
policy of not supporting any one side in a conflict
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No (Noh)
|
a Japanese form of drama developed int he 14th century
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Nomad
|
a member of a group with no fixed home and travels from place to place in search of food and other necessities of life
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Nuclear family
|
family structure usually found in industrial societies consisting of only parents and their children
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Nuclear proliferation
|
the possession of nuclear weapons by more and more countries
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Oasis
|
a place in the desert where there is a natural spring or surface water
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Oligarchy
|
form of government in which a small group or elite has power
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Opium
|
the addictive narcotic drug that overtook China
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Oral tradition
|
practice of passing on history and culture of a society through the spoken word
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Overpopulation
|
condition in many developing countries where the population is too large to be supported by the available resources of the region
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Pacific Rim
|
refers to the nations of Asia andy the Americas that touch both sides of the Pacific Ocean
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Paddies
|
rice fields in Asia
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Pagoda
|
temple or sacred building with many stories (levels) found in India, Southeast Asia, and Japan
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Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
|
group formed in 1964 and led by Yasir Arafat whose goal was to establish a Palestinian homeland by the use of terrorist tactics in the lands occupied by Israel. The PLO later renounced terrorism and became the official organization to negotiate with Israel over the creation of a Palestinian state
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Pampas
|
the large grassy plains of southern Latin America, especially in Argentina
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Pan-Africanism
|
nationalist movement that began in the early 1900s encouraging unification and cooperation among all African nations
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Pan-Arabism
|
mid twentieth century movement promoting the unification of all Arab countries based on cultural and political ties
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Pan-Slavism
|
nationalist movement promoting the cultural and political unification of Slavic people
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Panchayat
|
a local council in India
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Passive Resistance
|
form of civil disobedience using nonviolent methods; technique used by Inidan leader Mohandaas Gandhi, included the boycott of British goods and refusal to pay taxes or serve in the army as a way to promote Indian independence. A similar approach was adopted by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., in the civil rights movement in the United States during the 1960s
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Patois
|
a local dialect
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Patriarchy
|
family organization in which the father or eldest son heads the household
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Patriotism
|
love and devotion to one's own country
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Peon
|
in Latin America, a field worker who owns no land
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Pax Mongolia
|
brief period of peace and prosperity in Eurasia during the Mongol rule of Kublai Khan
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Kublai Khan
|
*
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Peninsular
|
person born in Spain or Portugal who was eligible for the highest position in the Latin American colonies
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Per capita income/GDP
|
the average income/value per person of the goods and services a country produces in a year; one way to measure the standard of living of a country
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Petrodollars
|
money paid to oil-producing countries
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Pharoah
|
title of rulers in ancient Egypt who had absolute power
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Pictograph
|
an ancient or prehistoric drawing or painting on a rock wall
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Population density/distribution
|
the average number of persons per unit of area
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Polytheistic/ polytheism
|
worshship or belief in many gods or deities
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Deities
|
gods
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Possession
|
an area under the control of another government
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Prehistoric
|
refers to a period of time prior to written history around 3000 BC
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Primary Source
|
eyewitness acount or firsthand information about people or events such as diaries or legal documents
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Privatization
|
returning or selling of government facilities to private individuals or investors
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Reactionary
|
political leader who is opposed to change or wants to restore the old order such as those leaders at the CONGRESS OF VIENNA in the 1800s
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Recession
|
decline in economic activities that lasts for a limited amount of time
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Reform
|
to try to make things better by change
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Reparation
|
payment for war damages
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Republic
|
form of government in which the people choose their officials
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Sanction
|
a penalty or action imposed on a nation by other countries for breaking international laws in order to end its illegal activity
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Social mobility
|
ability to move from one social class to another through education or improvement in income or occupation
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Standard of living
|
measure of how well people are living based upon the availability of resources and wealth
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Status quo
|
describing a state of affairs existing as they are at the present time
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Supply and demand
|
economic theory of a market economy that prices reflect the demand for a product and its availability
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Technology
|
Use of science and inventions to help society achieve its basic needs or improve a way of living
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Theocracy
|
Nation ruled by religious leaders who base their power on the divine right
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Traditional economy
|
Economic system that meets the basic needs of its people through fishing hunting and gathering; basic economic decisions are made according to customs or habits
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Untouchable (harijan)
|
Name derived from the ideas that others would be made dirty and impure for touching them; social groups belonging to the lowest caste in Hinduism who do all the undesirable work; outlawed by the Indian constitution but still prevalent in some communities
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Urbanization
|
Development of cities due to the movement of people from rural areas in search of jobs and better opportunities
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War crimes
|
Atrocities committed by the military or the government against the civilian population during armed conflict; they include mass murderers, genocide, rape, or persecution of religious or racial groups. Since World War II, war crimes tribunals such as Nuremberg and The Hague have been set up to deal with these crimes against humanity
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Welfare state
|
System under which the government assumes responsibility for the people's social and economic well-being
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Zero population growth
|
Situation in which the birthrates of a country equals the death rate
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Arab League
|
Organization founded by Arab nationalists in 1945 to promote Arab unity during times of crisis; work jointly for common economic political and social goals; Presently, all 16 nations in the middle east are members along with four other African nations in which the majority of the population is Arab
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Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Group (APEC)
|
group formed by the nations of use Pacific Rim including countries in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and the Americas that border the Pacific Ocean; goal is to promote trade and investment across the Pacific region and the world
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Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
|
organization consisting of seven members that are archipelago nations in Southeast Asia and nations on the Indochina peninsula; seeks to promote economic and cultural cooperation as well as resolve regional disputes
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|
Camp David Accords
|
agreement negotiated by President Jimmy Carter between Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel and President Anwar Sadat of Egypt; later became the basis of the peace treaty in 1979 calling for diplomatic recognition of Israel by Egypt and normalization of relations, the return of the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in exchange for the opening of the Suez canal to Israel, and discussion on Palestinian self-rule in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
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Caribbean Community and Common market (CARICOM)
|
formed in 1973 to promote cooperation in the areas of economics and foreign policy among the 13 Caribbean countries
|
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|
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
|
agreement signed in 1947 to provide for free trade among member nations and to settle trading disputes; consists of 110 members; Group of Seven (G7) representing the seven most productive economies- Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United States- meet annually to discuss common economic problems. In 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was formed as the successor to GATT
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Helsinki Accords
|
major diplomatic nonbinding agreement signed on August 1, 1975, at Helsinki, Finland, among the United States, Canada, the Soviet Union, and 32 European nations except Albania; agreed to legitimize the USSR's World War II territorial gains (status quo in Europe), agreed to respect human rights, and to promote scientific and cultural exchanges with each other
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International Court of Justice
|
agency of the United Nations consisting of 15 judges; power to settle disputes among nations by majority vote; nations that submit disputes must agree in advance to accept all decisions
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International Monetary Fund (IMF)
|
financial agency of the United Nations established after WWII to promote international trade, help developing nations with troubled economies, and provide balance for currencies of member nations
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|
Israeli-PLO Accord (The Osio Accord)
|
agreement negotiated by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestinian Yasir Arafat in September 1993; provided for Israel and PLO recognition of each other, eventual Palestinian self-government in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the gradual withdrawal of Israeli troops from these areas; implemented in May 1994 in the West Bank city of Jericho and the Gaza Strip. In 1995, following difficult negotiations with the PLO, Israel agreed to the removal of forces from other Palestinian areas and the establishment of a Palestinian police force to govern these regions
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|
Montreal Protocol
|
agreement signed in 1987 at Montreal, Canada, by 46 nation; urged that the world's nations reduce the use of chemicals that were damaging the earth's ozone layers
|
|
|
Organization of African Unity
|
founded in 1963 by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana to promote African unity, end colonialism, and foster cooperative approaches in foreign policies, economics, education, and defense; by 1994, with the end of white dominance in South Africa, there were 53 members with the admission of South Africa into the groupOr
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
|
organization founded in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela to control production and price of oil; membership expanded to include Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iraq, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, and United Arab Emirates
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|
World Court (International Court of Justice)
|
court consisting of 15 judges who meet in The Hague, Netherlands, and decide cases by majority votes; judges settle disputes between nations according to the principles of international law; nations submitting disputes to the court agree in advance to accept its decisions
|
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World Trade Organization (WTO)
|
successor to GATT; organization with a membership of 117 countries; purpose is to make global trade free for all. The agency monitors trade agreements so the a trade benefit granted to one member must be extended to all other members; tries to settle disputes and foster the development of prospering economies by keeping tariffs low and promoting fair competition
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Akbar the Great
|
greatest Mogul Emperor of India; Muslim leader who promoted religious toleration with the Hindu majority; married a Hindu princess; established a strongly centralized rule and competent civil service
|
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|
Mogul Empire
|
-power rose in south asia early in the 1500s
-muslim invaders from Central Asia -conquered and controlled most of the subcontinent -Islam -emerged as a result of military victories by Babur over the Delhi sultan -Akbar builds empire into military and economic power admired -greatly expanded mughal territorial control -political stability and cultural achievements under Akbar |
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|
Annan, Kofi
|
elected UN secretary-general in 1997 for a five year term of office; first secretary-general to rise through the ranks of the organization; first black African from sub-Saharan area (Ghana) to serve as head of the UN; educated in the US; proposed UN reform such as consolidation of offices and revision of the UN charter to improve efficiency
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Yasir Arafat
|
chief spokesman and leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) since 1969; chief goal- destruction of the state of Israel. In 1974 he was the first representative of a nongovernmental agency to address the UN General assembly; in 1988 he renounced terrorism; supported UN-sponsored resolution for a peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli crisis; formally recognized Israel's rich to exist in 1993 and negotiated an accord with Israeli Prime Minister Rabin, providing for gradual implementation of Palestinian self-rule in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (over the next five years). In 1996 he was elected president of Palestinian-controlled areas of Gaza and West Bank. The peas process has stalled over the issue of control of Jerusalem. Arafat promised to proclaim a Palestinian State in the West Bank by September 2000
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Hafez-al Assad
|
president of Syria from 1971 to 2000; defense minister and leader of nationalist Ba'ath Party who led a successful coup after Syria's loss of the Golan Heights to Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War; domestic popularity rose after the 1973 Arab-Israeli war in which Syria failed to gain the Golan Heights but the army performed creditably; authoritarian ruler who faced opposition at home from Muslim fundamentalists; supported the United States in the Gulf War of 1990; prior to his death expressed a willingness to negotiate with Israel over the Golan Heights
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Kemal Ataturk
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means Father of Turks; military officer who led the revolution in 1923 to overthrow the sultan; first president of Turkey from 1923 to 1938; introduced reform to create a secular state based on Western customs; Islamic law and Arabic script replaced by Western laws and alphabet; women were given the right to vote; separation of church/public schools; encouraged Western dress
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Menachem Begin
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Israeli prime minister from 1977 to 1983; signed Camp David Accords with egypt calling for recognition of Israel, discussion of self-rule for Palestine, and withdrawal of Israeli troops from Sinai peninsula; shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978 with Egyptian President Anwar Sadat
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Simón Bolívar
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Creole leader of the south american independence movement against Spanish rule; liberator of South America; led a series of campaigns resulting in independence for Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
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Boutros-Ghali Boutros
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first African and Arab to serve as secretary-general of UN; served from 1992 to 1997; member of Egyptian delegation that helped to negotiate Camp David ACcords in 1978
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Fidel Castro
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Cuban revolutionary leader; premier since 1959 when he overthrew the Fulgencio Batista dictatorship; established Communist state; one of the last Communist leaders in the world; aided Communist movements in Africa and Latin America
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Camillo di Cavour
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Italian political leader of Piedmont Sardinia from 1852 to 1859 and 1860-1861; considered the "Brains of Italian unification"
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Chiang Kai-shek
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also known as Jiang Jieshi; military leader of Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925; involved in a civil war with Communist forces of Mao Zedong from 1927 to 1949; exiled to Taiwan after being defeated by Communists in 1949; strongly supported by the US during his presidency of the Nationalist government of Taiwan from 1950-1975
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Confucius
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Chinese philosopher, teacher, and political advisor; founded Confucianism, a system of ethical conduct stressing the importance of tradition, respect for learning, obedience, reverence to family, and golden rule. His teaching's dominated China for over 2000 years
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Deng Xiaoping
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Chinese Communist political leader from 1976 to 1997; implemented economic reforms modernizing industry and allowing some privatizing of agriculture and consumer industries allowed increased contract with the West; harsh treatment for the protest movement for political freedom at Tiananmen Square
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Porfirio Diaz
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Mexican dictator, or caudillo, from 1876 to 1880 and from 1884 to 1911; brought foreign investments and economic stability to Mexico; prosperity for the rich and poverty for the lower classes
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Vasco da Gama
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Portuguese explorer who in 1498 sailed around southern Africa to India; first successful water journey from Europe to Asia; established portuguese monopoly of Indian trade replacing Arab domination of the trade route
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Mohandas Gandhi
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Hindu nationalist leader of India's independence movment from Great Britain; revered as a prophet; called Mahatma (saintly one); advocated civil disobedience and passive resistance to achieve his goals; against mistreatment of women and Untouchables; assassinated in 1948 by a Hindu extremist
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Genghis Khan
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name means Universal Ruler; MOngol warrior; founded the largest land empire by unifying the Mongols; empire extended to Korea, Northern China, Central Asia, Middle East, and parts of European Russia, it has disintegrated by the late thirteenth century
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Hammurabi
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king of Babylon who conquered city-states in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley forming the Babylonian Empire; responsible for the Code of Hammurabi, the oldest legal written code of laws that established rules for property, trade, slavery, and fair treatment of women
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Ho Chi Minh
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president of North Vietnam; founded Vietnamese communist Party; Nationalist leader against French and United States in the vietnam war
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Ibn Tala (KIng Hussein) Hussein
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called Father of Modern Jordan, he ruled form 1955- 1999; instrumental in drafting UN Resolution 242 in 1967 calling for Israel to withdraw from all occupied lands; resolution served as a benchmark for future negotiations; a shrewd political leader who survived the demands of Arab neighbors, Israel and Palestinian refugees, who are a majority in his country; IN 1994 signed a peace treaty with Israel beocming the second Arab leader to end a state of war with Israel which had technically existed since 1945
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Saddam Hussein
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president and dictator of Iraq from 1979- 2003; expansion policies led to war against Iran and the US (Persian Gulf War 1990); despite disastrous defeat in both wars, maintained power by destroying all opposition, especially Kurd minority; development of chemical weapons led to problems with the UN and war with the US starting in 2003
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Jiang Zemin
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Communist leader of China since 1997; introduced econmic reforms to increase private ownership little toleration for political dissenters
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Ayatollah Khomeini
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Islamic Fundamentalist who returned form exile in 1978 to lead a revolution resulting in the overthrow of the Shah of Iran; established an Islamic republic based on the ideas contained in the Koran; rejected Westernization, particularly the US which he called "The Great Satan"; support militants who help 52 American hostages for 444 days
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Frederick Willem de Klerk
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president of South Africa; released Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990; repealed the apartheid law; negotiated a plan to end white minority rule; shared the Noble Peace Prize with Mandela in 1993; became a member of Mandela's government in 1994
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Portuguese seas captain who led a Spanish-backed expedition sailing west around the southern tip of South America, crossed the Pacific, and was killed in the Philippines; his ship sailed around Africa and returned to Spain in 1522. He proved the world is round by being the first to circumnavigate the globe
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Nelson Mandela
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South African statesman; leader of the the African National congress; arrested in 1962 for his opposition to apartheid; became the international symbol for freedom against white minority rule in South Africa; negotiated plan in 1990 with the White government to turn South Africa into a multiracial democracy; shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Frederick de Klerk in 1993; elected first black president in a free election in 1994
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Mao Zedong
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(also known as Mao Tse-tung) Chinese Communist leader who led the Struggle against nationalists from 1927 to 1949; established his regime in 1948 and ruled the People's Republic of China from 1949 to 1976; introduced Great Leap Forward to industrialize China and compelling people to join communes; initiated the Cultural Revolution to diminish all opposition and strengthen hi power; his book Quotations of Chairman Mao promoted terrorist tactics; became a cult symbol (Maoism)
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Gamel Abdel Nassar
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president of Egypt form 1956 to 1970; seized power with other military officers by overthrowing King Farouk in 1953; nationalized the Suez Canal, resulting in war with Britain, France, and Israel; promoted economic businesses and irrigation projects such as the Aswan High Dam; supported Pan- Arabism to encourage unity in Arab World
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Jawarhalal Nehru
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first prime minister of independent India in 1947, serving until his death in 1964; supported Gandhi's policy of civil disobedience; imprisoned during the 1930s fro his activities; rejected Gandhi's proposal for hand production; urged industrialization; set up mixed economy; leader of nonaligned nations in the Cold War; father of Indira Gandhi, India's Prime Minister from 1966 to 1977
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Benjamin Netanyahu
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conservative prime minister of Israel from 1996 to 1999; his party opposed additional concessions to the Palestinians on the issue of the West Bank and Gaza Strip; replaced as prime minister in 1999 by moderate leader Ehud Barak
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Kwame Nkrumah
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African leader who became the first prime minister of Ghana; American-educated; promoted Pan-Africanism encouraging cooperation among African states; deposed in 1966 due to resentment created by his dictatorial policies
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Shah Muhammed Reza Pahlevi
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last shah of Iran who ruled form 1941 to 1978; autocratic ruler; employed secret police (Savak) and permitted no political opposition; encouraged economic and social modernization, including land reforms, literacy, and women's rights; pro-Western foreign policy; special relationship with the US; overthrown by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in 1978; workers protested the poor economic conditions; religious leaders opposed hi modernization policies
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Juan Perón
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elected president of Argentina in 1946 with the support of the military; established a dictatorial government; widely popular due to his wife, Eva; instituted economic nationalization of many industries (public works program) and political and social reforms; opposed by the Catholic Church; the poor economic conditions led to his exile to Spain in 1955; returned in 1973 and was reelected President; died in 1974
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Matthew Perry
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US Navy Commodore; led the fleet that sailed into Tokyo harbor in 1854 and negotiated the reopening of Japan to American trade, which led to the resignation of the Shogun and modernization of Japan
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Marco Polo
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Venetian merchant who visited China in 1275; lived at the court of the Mongol ruler Kublai Kahn until 1292; his book describing his visit to China aroused European interest in China's riches and led to European overseas exploration
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Yitzhak Rabin
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Israel's prime minister from 1974 to 1977 and 1992 to 1995; first prime minister to meet with Palestinian leader Yasir Arafat; agreed to set up Palestinian self-rule in the Gaza Strip, the city of Jericho, and the West BAnk; negotiated a peace treaty with King Hussein of Jordan; awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1994; assassinated
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Anwar Sadat
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Egyptian president from 1970 to 1981; directed nation's policy away from dependence on Soviet Union; promoted foreign investments, some privatization of businesses; first Arab leader to visit Israel; signed Camp David ACcords with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin in 1978; shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Begin; assassinated in 1981
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Gautama Siddhartha
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founder of Buddhims; Indian nobleman who left his comfortable life for one of self-denial and meditation; rejected Hindu caste system; as Buddha, the Enlightened One, he taught Four Noble Truths to achieve Nirvana
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Suleiman the Magnificent
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ottoman sultan who ruled from 1520 to 1566; strong military leader; extended Ottoman control in the Balkans as far as Vienna; conquered North Africa and Mesopotamia; introduced a fair system of justice and strict control of finances; supporter of the arts; made Istanbul into a city of imposing architecture
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Sun Yat-sen
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leader of the Chinese revolt against the Manchu dynasty in 1911; founded the Chinese Republic; briefly served as presdient; blieved in three principles of democracy, nationalism, and people's livelihood to make China strong
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Emiliano Zapata
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mexican revolutionary and Native Indian leader who helped overthrow the dictator Porfirio Diaz; supported by peasants whose battle cry was "Land and Liberty"; assassinated in 1919
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Location of Andes Mountain, Amazon River
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South America
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Direct impact of the Neolithic Revolution
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food habits (no hunting and gathering) and shelter (no longer on the move)
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Buddhist Terms
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Eightfold Path, Four Noble Truths, and nirvana
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Why did confucianism have a strong impact on the development of China?
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provided a basis for social order
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What body of Water was the center of Roman trade?
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Mediterannean
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What did Ghana, Mali, and Songhai (Africa) rely on?
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trans-Saharan trade routes
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Ming Dynasty
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-replaced the mongols
-most famous for the production of fine porcelain and for the sea voyages carried out during the early period -sent ships to south/southeast Asia and briefly carried limited trade -beautiful palaces -agricultural revolution that increased food production and resulting in a population explosion -introduced mandatory service by citizens to the state and created a two-million-man standing army for defense and domestic control -internal wars, threats from Mongols, and failed attempts to annex Vietnam -weak emperors increased isolation -europeans and japan invade and control China's seaborne trade through colonies |
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Qing/Manchu Dynasty
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-ming called the manchu for assistance, who then gradually conquered China and established the Qing dynasty
-ruled greatly outnumbered by Chinese, so distanced selves (Chinese forbidden to emigrate to Manchuria, and were not allowed to marry Manchus) -Manchus held most key positions of government |
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Legalism
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-originated at same time as confucianism and taoism
-assumed that human nature was evil and that people must be restricted by laws -believed in harsh punishment -taught that strong central government was essential -ruler has unquestioned authority -only farmer and soldier |
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Daoism
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-Lao-tzu
-teaches the necessity of the individual;s having a sense of nature, understanding his or her part in it, and adapting to it -natural order to existance -people should not change order -accepting things, people can live in harmony -natural laws -no bureaucratic government and many governmental laws -seek to find their own nature and act on instinct -not immediately widely accepted -borrowed heavily from Chinese rolk religions |
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Aztecs
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warrior people with rigid social structure
believed their gods had great powers and required human sacrifice war was policy trade important farming important literate people Adopted mayan calendar skilled engineers and architects |
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Incas
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highly regimented empire
expand and conquered other peoples religion play crucial role excelled in engineering and architecture |
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Mayans
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-calendar
-astronomy and math -sophisticated communitites |
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Tienammen Square
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pro-democracy movement
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Opium Wars
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-britain gets China addicted to Opium
-buy opium from india -all silver runs out from China |
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Babyloniain Empire
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-was in mesopotamia
-hammurabi's law code -hereditary kingship -unification of entire mesopotamiam region |
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Jainism
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-beliefs set down by guru Mahvira
-nature is alive -refusal to kill any living thing -nonviolence -ideal of ahimsa |
