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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 Causes of Terrorism
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Psychological
Political Economic Religious Cultural |
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Terrorism: Psychological Reasons
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Revenge, Hatred, Martyrdom, Sense of Failure, Charisma, Extremism
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Terrorism: Political Reasons
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Failed states, civil conflicts, ethno-nationalism, state assistance, jihadist doctrines, western hegemony
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Terrorism: Economic Reasons
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Globalization, Youth age bulge, under employment, low women status, rapid modernization, organized crime
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Terrorism: Religious Reasons
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Radical Clerics, anti-modernism, legitimation, intolerance, anti-secularization, grand struggle
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Which has a higher occurrence? Interstate conflicts or Internal conflicts?
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Internal Conflicts > Interstate conflicts: Fight with the people around oneself.
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When did civil wars soar? When did they drop drastically?
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Increase after WWII
Decrease drastically after Cold War |
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Politicide & Genocide rate rose during what two decades?
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1960s & 70s
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Politicide & Genocide rate reduced in what decade(s)?
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1990s
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Poverty is caused by....
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Weak State Capacity
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Lower State Capacity is associated with....
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Greater Poverty & Higher Risk of War
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Top 5 countries with the highest risk for instability are...
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Afghanistan
Iraq Niger Ethiopia Liberia |
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Significant terrorist attacks have increased by...
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8x
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Top 6 areas of terrorist attacks by region are...
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Middle East/N.Africa - 23.5%
South Asia - 22.6% Western Europe - 12.2% Southeast Asia - 9.9% South America - 8.6% Sub-Saharan - 8.4% |
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Unsustainable Cycles
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Addicted to Growth
Rich Get Richer Resource Wars Elite Footprint Extension |
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Sustainable Cycles
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Eco-Tech Diffusion
Techno Change Urban Gains Social Stability |
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Addicted to Growth
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Unsustainable Cycle
Reinforcing Neo-Liberty --S--> Intensity --S--> Stability --S--> Intensity |
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Rich Get Richer
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Unsustainable Cycle
Reinforcing Velocity/Neo-Liberty --O--> (Equality --O--> Connectivity --O-->Equality) |
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Resource Wars
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Unsustainable Cycles
3 Reinforcing cycles Stability --S--> Equality --S--> Stability Scarcity --O--> Stability --S--> Equality --O--> Scarcity Stability --S--> Equality --O--> Intensity --S--> Scarcity --O--> Stability |
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Reinforcing Loops
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Even number of opposite correlations
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Balancing Loops
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Odd number of opposite correlations
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Elite Footprint Extension
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Unsustainable Cycle
Reinforcing cycle Connectivity --S--> Intensity --S--> Scarcity --S--> Connectivity |
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Eco-Tech Diffusion
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Sustainable Cycles
2 Reinforcing cycles Equality --S--> Stability --S--> Connectivity --S--> Velocity --S--> Equality Connectivity --S--> Velocity --S--> Equality --S--> Connectivity |
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Techno Change
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Sustainable Cycles
3 Balancing cycles Scarcity --O--> Intensity --S--> Scarcity Velocity --O--> Scarcity --S--> Velocity Intensity --S--> Scarcity --S--> Velocity --O--> Intensity |
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Social Stability
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Sustainable Cycles
4 Reinforcing cycles Connectivity --S--> Stability --S--Connectivity Stability --S--> Equality --S--> Stability Connectivity --S--> Equality --S--> Connectivity -All relations between them are 'S' |
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Urban Gains
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Sustainable Cycles
2 Balancing cycles 1 Reinforcing cycle Density --S--> Equality --S--> Density Density --O--> Intensity --S--> Scarcity --S-->Density Density --S--> Equality --O--> Intensity --S--> Scarcity --S--> Density |
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Megaforces with most causal links...
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Connectivity, Equality, Stability (18 links)
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The big squeeze
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Decline in living systems along with increase in population & consumption
Small "tube" = innovation, sustainability Avoid risks and seize opportunities |
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Output of all commodities have increased since....
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1965
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The overall price trend of commodities since 1800 has been....
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downward
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Daly Rules of Ecological Sustain
(Herman Daly, Ecological Economist) |
1. Renewable resources such as fish, soil and groundwater must be used no faster than the rate at which they regenerate.
2. Nonrenewable resources such as minerals and fossil fuels must be used no faster than renewable substitutes for them can be put into place. 3. Pollution and wastes must be emitted no faster than natural systems can absorb them, recycle them, or render them harmless. |
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What percent of ecosystems have degraded?
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60%
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What are sources of environmental scarcity?
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Decrease in quality and quantity of renewable resources
Population growth Unequal resource access |
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What are social effects of environmental scarcity?
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Decreased economic productivity
Migration, Expulsion Weakened states Ethnic conflicts Coups-d'etat deprivation conflicts |
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Ultimate objectives of sustainable development
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optimizing human welfare
maintaining life support systems ensuring social equity |
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Gini Coefficient
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(Area under Lorenz Curve)
________________________ (Area under perfect equality line) |
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RICH POOR GAP
Inequality has increased in all regions except.... |
Sub-Saharan Africa
Former Soviet Union |
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What has contributed the most to the widening income inequality?
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Technological Progress
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Global Density
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Number of individuals and amount of their activity per unit of area
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What is the world's average global density as of 2006?
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45.21 people per km^2
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What is the projected global density for 2050?
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65 people per km^2
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Trends of urban and rural population of more/less developed regions
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Developed Regions: Urban and rural populations are stable
Less developed regions: urban populations have increased steadily rural population have increased then slowly tapered down |
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Global Velocity
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Quickness or rapidity of motion or action producing an acceleration in the rate or speed of change in global states or conditions, especially in the realms of science and technology
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Development is accelerating in what shape?
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Inward spiral
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MESTI Universe
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Matter Energy Space Time Information Universe
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MEST Efficiency
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Ever decreasing MEST resources required for any standard physical process or computation
MEST efficiency is doing more better with less |
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Biotech Revolution
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Information Technology: Harvesting, storing, processing and transmission of information
Biotechnology: Genetic modification; Altering traits of living organisms by adding genetic information that has been manipulated outside of cells Nanotechnology: Manipulation and control of matter at the scales of atoms and molecules |
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How often do Information technologies double their power?
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Every year
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Singularity
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Machine intelligence surpasses human intelligence
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Global Intensity
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The amount of force or pressure of human enterprise per unit of biologically productive and life-supporting resources available in the Earth system
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What is the projected population of the world by 2050? Where is almost of this growth occurring?
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9.1 billion
Under developed countries |
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Global energy demand will be how much greater in 2030 than 2005?
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35%
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Top 5 portions of the global ecological footprint
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26% Housing
23% Food 14% Personal Mobility 10% Recreation and Culture 8% Household Equipment |
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How many people lack access to electricity worldwide?
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1.5 billion
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Global Neo-Liberality
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Economic Freedom
Laissez-Faire Economics Corporatism Utopia of endless exploitation |
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J.M. Keynes
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Father of modern theoretical macroeconomics
Capitalism has self-destructive and crisis-prone tendencies Laissez-faire economics will not work well/smoothly State intervention is necessary to promote aggregate demand, fight unemployment, end deflation, ensure social welfare |
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Economic Freedom promotes.....
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Greater Prosperity
Higher Living Standards Higher Economic Growth Greater Income Equality Greater Life Expectancy Higher Literacy Higher Foreign Investment Greater Water Access Higher Happiness Greater Political Freedom Higher Innovation Better Environmental Performance Greater Human Development |
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Economic Freedom lowers.....
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Corruption
Political Violence Infant Mortality |
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Modern Capitalism goals/expectations...
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Maximize Growth
Externalize Costs Minimize Taxation Capture Government Control Media Create Wants Elitistly Innovation Transitive Ownership Concentrate Wealth Overshoot Limits |
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Global Connectivity
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Quality or condition of being linked by cross-border flows of goods, services, information, people and bio-physical processes
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Developing most untapped renewable energy resources could meet what percent of projected US energy needs by 2030?
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50-80%
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