Glencoe Life Science

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Angiosperm

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*Vascular plant in which the seeds are enclosed inside a fruit
*produce flowers
*two classes= monocots & dicots
*

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Cambium

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*between xylem and phloem
*can be woody (hard and rigid) or herbaceous (soft & green)

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Cellulose

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the organic compound that forms plant cell walls; made up of long chains of sugar molecules.

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Cuticle

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a waxy protective layer on the stems and leaves of land plants that helps the plant conserve water.

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Dicots

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* a class of Angiosperm
*have two seed leaves inside their seeds
*short for dicotyledon
*flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5
*vascular bundles occuring inside stem
*leaves are broad with branching net-like veins
Ex: beans, petunias, oaks, maples

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Guard Cells

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*surround the stomata
* open and close the pores
*an adaptation that enables plants to survive on land by conserving water

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Gymnosperm

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*vascular plants that produce seeds on scales of female cones
*Greek for "naked seed"
*Seed not protected by fruit
*Do not produce flowers
*leaves are needle-like or scale-like
*most are evergreens

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Gymnosperms=
Four Divisions of Plants

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*Conifers, cycads, Gingkoes, Gnetophytes

*Conifers= pines, firs, spruces, cedars

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Ovary

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In Angiosperms, this is the swollen base of the pistil where ovules are formed and develop into eggs.

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Monocot

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* a class of Angiosperm
*have 1 seed leaf inside seed
*short for monocotyledon
*flower parts in mulitiples of 3
*vascular bundle scattered throughout stem
*leaves are narrow w/ parrallel veins
*EX: lillies, corn, rice, oats, wheat

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Phloem

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vascular plant tissue made up of tubular cells that move food from leaves and stems to other parts of the plant for use or storage

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Stomata

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small pores in the surface of the leaf that allow carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and (O2) to enter and leave

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Xylem

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vascular plant tissuemade up of tubular vessels that transport water and minerals from the roots up through the plant.

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Functions of Roots

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*anchor plants in the soil
*absorbs water and minerals
*store food for the plant

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Functions of Stems

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*Supports the leaves and flowers of a plant
*allow movement of materials between leaves and roots

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Functions of Leaves

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trap light and make food for the plant through photosynthesis

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Characteristics of all plants

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*many-celled
*contain chlorophyll
*cell walls surround cells
*have roots
*Do not move around
*made up of eukaryotic cells
*range in size
*found in nearly every environment
* most live on land, many live in or near water

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Characteristics of seed plants

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*have roots, stems, leaves, vascular tissue
*grows from seed (reproductive part of a plant that contains plant embryo and stored food)
*2 groups, gymnosperms & angiosperms

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Examples of nonvascular plants

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(plants without vascular tissue)
Ex: Bryophytes - mosses and liverworts

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Bryophytes

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*small plants found in damp environments like the forest floor, the edges of ponds and streams, and near the ocean.
*usually just a few cells thick so they absorb water directly through cell walls
*do not have roots, stems, or leaves
*grow from spores that look like seeds

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Vascular Tissue
Examples and functions

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XYLEM: made of tubular vessels that transport water and minerals from the root throughout the plant
PHLOEM: Plant tissue made up of tubular cells that move food from leaves and stems where it is made to other parts of the plant for use or storage
CAMBIUM: a tissue that produces new xylem and phloem cells

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Leaf Structure

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* EPIDERMIS: thin layer of cells that covers and protects the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf
*WAXY CUTICLE: covers the epidermis and protects plant from wilting or drying out
*STOMATA: small pores in leaf surface that allow CO2, H2O, & O2 to enter and leave
*GUARD CELLS: surround stomata & open and close pores

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Importance of gymnosperms

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*most wood for construction and paper come from pines and spruce
*resin used to make soap, paint, varnish, & some medicines

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Importance of angiosperms

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*basis for diets of most animals and humans (wheat, barley, peas, lentils)
*source of many of fibers used in clothing (flax, cotton)
*medicines, oils, rubber, perfumes use materials found in angiosperms
*convert CO2 into O2

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Seed Dispersal

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*seeds inside fruit are eaten by animals and dispersed in animal's wastes (apples, pecans)
*carried by animals (bees, cats, birds)
*moved by water (coconut seeds float on water)
*carried by wind (maples, milkweed)

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taproot

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1 long main root deep in soil

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fibrous root

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many smaller roots that spread out in the soil

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Angiosperm life cycle

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1. Flowers are reproductive organs
2. ovules develop in the ovary
3. pollen develops on the anther
4. pollen carried to stigma by wind, animals
5. pollen tube grown down style of ovule
6. embryo part of seed develops
7. seed develops into fruit and gets dispersed