Glencoe Biology, Ch. 17-19

Front 1

the grouping of objects or information based on similarities

Back 1

classification

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the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics

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taxonomy

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two-word naming system developed by Linnaeus

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binomial nomenclature

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consists of a group of similar species (first word)

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genus (genera)

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describes a characteristic of the organism (second word)

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specific epithet

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consists of a group of similar genera

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family

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a taxon of similar families

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order

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a taxon of similar orders

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class

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a taxon of similar classes

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phylum (phyla)

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a taxon of similar of classes, used for plants

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division

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a taxon of similar phyla or divisions

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kingdom

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the evolutionary history of a species

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phylogeny

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assumes that as groups of organisms diverge and evolve from a common ancestral group, they retain some unique inherited characteristics that taxonomists call derived traits

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cladistics

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a model of the phylogeny of a species

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cladogram

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bacteria that have very strong cell walls and a less complex genetic makeup than found in archaebacteria or eukaryotes

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eubacteria

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a eukaryote that lacks complex organ systems and lives in moist environments

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protist

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either a unicellular or multicellular eukaryote that absorbs nutrients from organic materials in the environment

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fungus

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composed of nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and are smaller than the smallest bacterium

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virus

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a cell in which a virus replicates

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host cell

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a virus that infects a bacterium

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bacteriophage

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viruses have this, an outer peotein coat

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capsid

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provirus leaves the chromosome, viral nucleic acid and proteins are made, the cell breaks open releasing viruses

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lytic cycle

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a replication cycle in which the virus's nucleic acid is integrated into the host cell's chromosome

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lysogenic cycle

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viral DNA that is integrated into the host cell's chromosome

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provirus

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the RNA virus with the most complex replication cycle

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retrovirus

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an enzyme that helps a retrovirus make double-stranded DNA from its RNA... that DNA is integrated into the host cell's chromosome and becomes a provirus

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reverse transcriptase

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composed of proteins but have no nucleic acid to carry genetic information

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prions

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composed of a single circular strand of RNA with no protein coat

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viroids

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process in which chemosynthetic bacteria break down and release the energy of inorganic compounds containing sulfur and nitrogen

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chemosynthesis

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bacterial asexual reproduction

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binary fission

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bacterial sexual reproduction

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conjugation

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bacteria that need oxygen for respiration

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obligate aerobes

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bacterial that are killed by oxygen

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obligate anaerobes

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a tiny structure that contains a bacteriums's DNA and a small amount of its cytoplasm, encased by a tough outer covering that resists drying out, temperature extremes, and harsh chemicals

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endospore

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process where bacteria use enzymes that convert N^2 into ammonia (NH^3)

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nitrogen fixation

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a powerful and deadly poison that bacteria are capable of creating

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toxin

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animal-like protists

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protozoa

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plantlike protists

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algae (singular, alga)

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the extensions of some protozoans' plasma membranes that they use to move and feed

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pseudopodia

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used by amoebas, a single parent produces one or more identical offspring by dividing into two cells

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asexual reproduction

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protozoans with one or more flagellla

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flagellates

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the roughly 8000 members of the protist phylum Ciliophora that use the cilia that cover their bodies to move

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ciliates

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protists in the phylum Sporozoa are often called this because most produce spores

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sporozoans

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composed of a single circular strand of RNA with no protein coat

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viroids

Front 45

process in which chemosynthetic bacteria break down and release the energy of inorganic compounds containing sulfur and nitrogen

Back 45

chemosynthesis

Front 46

bacterial asexual reproduction

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binary fission

Front 47

bacterial sexual reproduction

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conjugation

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bacteria that need oxygen for respiration

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obligate aerobes

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bacterial that are killed by oxygen

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obligate anaerobes

Front 50

a tiny structure that contains a bacteriums's DNA and a small amount of its cytoplasm, encased by a tough outer covering that resists drying out, temperature extremes, and harsh chemicals

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endospore

Front 51

process where bacteria use enzymes that convert N^2 into ammonia (NH^3)

Back 51

nitrogen fixation

Front 52

a powerful and deadly poison that bacteria are capable of creating

Back 52

toxin

Front 53

animal-like protists

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protozoa

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plantlike protists

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algae (singular, alga)

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extensions of some protozoans' plasma membranes used to move and feed

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pseudopodia

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most amoebas use this, a single parent produces one or more identical offspring by dividing into two cells

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asexual reproduction

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protists in the Zoomastigina phylum with one or more flagella

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flagellates

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the roughly 8000 members of the phylum Ciliophora, known as this, use the cilia that cover their bodies to move

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ciliates

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protists in the phylum Sporozoa are called this because most produce spores

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sporozoans

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a reproductive cell that forms without fertilization and produces a new organism

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spore

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the body of a seaweed and some other plants and organisms is called this because it lacks roots, stems, and leaves

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thallus

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a group of cells that lives together in close association

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colony

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during this process, an individual breaks up into pieces and each piece grows into a new individual

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fragmentation

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an organism with this pattern alternates between existing as a haploid and a diploid organism, creating two different generations

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alternation of generations

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the haploid form of the organism is called this because it produces gametes

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gametophyte

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the gametes fuse to form a zygote from which the diploid form of the organism, which is called this, develops

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sporophyte

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a mass of cytoplasm that contains many diploid nuclei but no cell walls or membranes

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plasmodium