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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stressor
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any physical or psychological event or condition that produces stress
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Stress response
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the physiological changes associated with stress
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Stress
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the collective physiological and emotional responses to any stimulus that disturbs an individual’s homeostasis
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Types of Stress
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Environment
Physiological Emotional |
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Environmental stress
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heat, noise, overcrowding, climate, terrain
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Physiological stress
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drugs, caffeine, tobacco, injury, infection or disease, physical effort
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Emotional stress
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MOST FREQUENT AND IMPORTANT STRESSORS AFFECTING HUMANS
-life-changing event, -family illness, problems or change at work, death, increase responsibility |
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Physiological response to stress
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increased HR, BP; sweaty palms; fatigue; dry mouth; frequent illness; headaches; aching lower back; gastrointestinal problems
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Cognitive response to stress
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decrease in concentration and attention span; trouble remembering things
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Emotional response to stress
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anxiety; depression; edginess; fatigue; impulsiveness; irritability
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Behavioral response to stress
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nervous habits; altered eating and sleep patterns; problems communicating; social isolation; increased use of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs
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The Stress Target Zone
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Good and bad stress
Distress is negative stress Eustress is positive stress Some amount of positive stress is important and good for us. It challenges us and makes us grow and develop. Balance between "rust out" and "burn out" |
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Fight or Flight
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immediately mobilizes body’s resources, general reaction to all stressors
--two bodily systems involved: Autonomic nervous system: branch of the peripheral nervous system that controls basic body processes --Sympathetic division: division of the autonomic nervous system that reacts to danger or other challenges by accelerating body processes --Parasympathetic division: division of the autonomic nervous system that moderates the excitatory effect of the sympathetic division Endocrine system: system of glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones into the bloodstream; influences metabolism and body processes --Norepinephrine: neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic division to increase body functions; increases attention, awareness, alertness --Epinephrine: hormone secreted by the inner core of the adrenal gland --Cortisol: steroid hormone secreted by the outer layer of the adrenal gland --Endorphin: brain secretions that have pain-inhibiting effects Together, the nervous system and the endocrine system prepare the body to respond to a stressor. The physiological response is the same regardless of the nature of the stressor. Once a stressful situation ends, the parasympathetic division returns the body to homeostasis—a state of stability and consistency in an individual’s physiological functioning. The fight-or-flight reaction is often inappropriate for dealing with the stressors of modern life, many of which do not require a physical response. |
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General Adaptation Syndrome:
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-Alarm reaction: immediate reaction, immune system lowered
-Resistance: adapt to stress, increased resistance to illness, immune system working overtime -Exhaustion: not able to maintain worn out, decrease in resistance Everyone has different levels of toleration and resistance, but everyone gets to exhaustion at some point. |
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Personality
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Type A = ultracompetitive, controlling, impatient, aggressive, hostile
Easily upset; react explosively to stressors Type B = relaxed, contemplative, tolerant of others React more calmly to stressors Type C = difficulty expressing emotions, anger suppression, feelings of hopelessness and despair Exaggerated stress response |
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Gender
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--Gender roles affect perception of and responses to stressors
--Both sexes experience the fight-or-flight physiological response to stress --Women are more likely to respond behaviorally with a pattern of “tend-and-befriend” --Gender differences may be partly tied to higher levels of the hormone oxytocin in women |
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Past Experiences
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--Past experiences influence the cognitive evaluation of a potential stressor
--Effective behavioral responses can overcome the effects of negative past experiences |
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Hardiness
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--Committed to activities, sense of inner purpose, inner locus of control. View stressors as challenges and opportunities for growth.
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Explain appraisal process
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--stressor occurs
--(appraisal) either see stressor as a threat or a challenge --results in high or low stress --use a coping mechanism --outcome |
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Why is Stress Dangerous?
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Health:
CHD and stroke Gastrointestinal problems such as ulcers Impaired immune system Insomnia Wellness: Fewer positive behaviors More negative behaviors |
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Counterproductive Coping Strategies
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Tobacco
Alcohol Other drugs Binge eating |
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Managing Stress
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Exercise: Reduces anxiety and increases sense of well-being; mobilizes energy resources to complete the energy cycle; avoid compulsive exercise
Nutrition: Eat a balanced diet; avoid excess caffeine Sleep: Lack of sleep is both a cause and an effect of excess stress Social Support: Foster friendships; keep family ties strong; get involved with a group Communication: Balance anger and assertiveness Spiritual wellness: Organized religion; spending time in nature; helping others; art or other creative endeavors; personal relationships --Spiritual wellness can promote: Social support; healthy habits; positive attitude; moments of relaxation; awareness and clarification of personal values Managing anger: --Self: Reframe self-talk, speak and listen non-defensively, deliberately calm self, find distractions --Others: Counteract rage with calm, validate the other person, probe, assume a problem orientation, refuse to be abused, disengage |
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Cognitive Techniques to Manage Stress
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Modify expectations
Engage in realistic self-talk Live in the present “Go with the flow” Cultivate your sense of humor |
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Relaxation response
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a physiological state characterized by a feeling of warmth and quiet mental alertness
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Relaxation techniques
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Progressive relaxation: alternating muscle tension and relaxation
Biofeedback: a technique that uses monitoring devices to help a person become conscious of unconscious body processes, such as body temperature or blood pressure, in order to exert some control over them. Visualization: creating or recreating vivid mental pictures of a place or an experience Hypnosis Deep, slow breathing Listening to music Meditation, yoga Massage |
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Getting Help
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Peer counseling and support groups
Professional help Is it stress or something more serious? Depression Severe depression is linked to suicide |
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Depression
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a mood disorder characterized by loss of interest in usual activities, sadness, hopelessness, loss appetite, disturbed sleep, and other physical symptoms
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