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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Escherichia coli - Gastroenteriditis |
- Exogenous - fecal contaminated food. - Endogenous - fecal-oral route or perforation of intestines. - Most common strain: EHEC (O157:H7 serotypes) - Can live 1 month is 80 degrees celsius. |
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ETEC |
- Enterotoxiogenic Escherichia coli - Young children + travelers - Fecal contaminated water + food - Secretory diarrhea |
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EPEC |
- Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli - Infant watery diarrhea in impoverished countries - Spreads from person to person |
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EAEC |
- Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli - Infants in underdeveloped countries and travelers - Watery diarrhea |
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EHEC |
- Endohemorrhagic Escherichia coli - Children under 10: hemolytic uremic syndrome (acute renal failure, thromobcytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia) - Adults: hemorrhagic colitis |
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EIEC |
- Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli - Watery diarrhea - Dysenteric (fever, abdominal cramps and leukocytes + blood in stool) |
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Dysentery - Serological types |
- Shigella rods - Developed countries: S. sonnei - Developing countries: S. flexneri - Poor countries: S. dysenteriae 1 |
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Dysentery - Symptoms |
- Gastroenterocolitis - Watery diarrhea (Increases body temp) - Nausea, vomiting - Shigellosis - Diarrhea (blood + mucous) - Painful urges to defecate - Crampy abdominal pain - Increased body temp - Symptoms of poisoning and dehydration |
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Typhoid fever |
Reservoir for Salmonella typhi = humans - Insects - Contaminated food + water - Direct contact - Carrier - After illness - Chronic (gallbladder ,urinary tract, intestine) |
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Typhoid fever - symptoms 1 |
Incubation: - Flu-like symptoms Increase of symptoms: - Fever - Meningitidis symptoms, "Stupor", mental confusion - Dry tongue with grey coating - Hepatosplenomegaly - Low blood pressure |
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Typhoid fever - symptoms 2 |
Full-disease - Low blood pressure - Strong "stupor" - Flatulence of the abdomen - Typhoid rubella - abdomen + chest - Bronchitis Recovery period - Slowly decreasing body temp - "Wolf-ish appetite" |
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Helicobacter pylori infection |
-1st class carcinogen - Reservoir is human - Infected by direct contact with sick person |
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Campylobacter jejuni - Epidemiology |
- Reservoir is animals - GI tract - uncooked food, milk, water - Direct contact with infected animal - Fecal-oral route |
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Campylobacter jejuni - Signs and symtoms |
- Symptoms after 40 hours - Diarrhea w/bloody and slimy stools - Pass more than 10 stools a day - Temperature + cramps - Headaches + muscle pain - Complication: Gullaina-Barre syndrome |
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Acute diarrhea - common causes |
Infant: - Gastroenteritis - Systemic infection - Antibiotic use Children: - Gastroenteritis - Food poisoning - Systemic infection Adolescent: - Gastroenteritis - Food poisoning - Antibiotic use |
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Acute diarrhea - rare causes |
Infants: - Primary disaccharide deficiency - Androgenital syndrome - Hirschsprungs colitis Children: - Toxic ingestion Adolescence: - Thyrotoxicosis |
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Laboratory methods - Specimens |
- Stool - Rectal swab - Rectal wash - Bile - Vomit (toxin) - Duodenal contents - Blood (parathyphoid + typhoid fever) |
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Laboratory methods - toxins/antibodies |
Toxin assay: - A and B cytotoxin of Clostridium difficile Antibodies/antigens: - Salmonella: H, O and Vi antibodies - Shigella: Type A - Dysenteriae, B - Flexneri, C - Boydii and D - Sonnei - Yersinia enterocolitica: O antigens - Helicobacter pylori: Antigens in stool or Ig in serum |
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Antibiotic treatment |
- Helicobacter pylori: Clarithromycin and amoxicillin/metronidazole for 7 days - Clostridium difficile: Metronidazole/vancomycin - Salmonella: Fluoroquinolones, cotrimoxazole, ceftaixone - ETEC: Fluoroquinolones, ryphaxmine, cotrimoxazole - Shigella: Fluoroquinolones, cotrimoxazole, ceftriaxone, azithromycin C. jejuni: Erythromycin, fluoroquinolones Yersinia: Fluoroquinolones, cotrimoxazole, ceftraixone +/- aminoglycosides |
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Treatment for food poisoning |
S. aureus + B. cereus + C. perfringens: - Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance. C. botulinum: - Anestetic supervision - Antitoxin |
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Forms of infections/symptoms |
- Gastritis - Gastroenteritis - Gastrocolitis - Colitis - Diarrhea |
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Defensive mechanisms |
- Lysosymes in saliva - pH in gastic juice - Peristalsis - Microflor - 400 species + |
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Toxin-mediated infections |
- Clostridium perfringes: alpha-toxin and enterotoxin - Bacteroides fragilis: enterotoxin - Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio: enterotoxin |
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Intoxication |
- Staphylococcus aureus: enterotoxin - Bacillus cereus: emetic toxin - Clostridium botulinum - botulinum toxin - Microtoxins: Penicillinum, Aspergillus, Fusarium |
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Food poisoning: Staphylococcus aureus |
- Humans (poor hygiene, food preparation, ice cream) - Can survive the freezing process - Incubation: 1-6 hours Self-limiting up to 24 hours |
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Food poisoning: Bacillus cereus |
- Spore-forming bacteria - Incubation 2-3 hours, up to 24 - Self-limiting up to 48 hours - Source: Environment (rice) |
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Food poisoning: Clostridium botulinum |
- Spore-forming bacteria - Toxins from the environment - Canned meat, honey |
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Food poisoning: Clostridium perfringens |
- Spore-forming bacteria - Source: Environment, contaminated food - Meat stews - Incubation time is 8-14 hours - Self-limiting up to 24 hours |
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Diseases associated with bacterial presence 1: 1. Stomach/duodenal ulcers 2. Dysentery 3. Typhoid fever 4. Para-typhoid fever 5. Salmonellosis |
1. Helicobacter pylori 2. Shigella dysenteria 3. Salmonella typhi 4. Salmonella para-typhi A, B, C 5. S. enteritidis, flexneri, sonnei |
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Diseases associated with bacterial presence 2: 1. Yersiniosis 2. Diarrhea - E. coli 3. Listeriosis 4. Campylobacteriosis 5. Aerobic diarrhea 6. Diarrhea |
1. Yersini pseudotuberculosis, Y. enterocolitica 2. EPEC, EIEC 3. Listeria monocytogenes 4. Campylobacter fetus, C. jejuni 5. Bacillus cereus 6. Aeromonas spp., Plesiomonas spp. |
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Diseases associated with bac. presence and toxins: 1. Cholera 2. Pseudomembranous cholitis 3. Neonatal botulism 4. Infections and food poisoning 5. Pathogenic strains of E. coli |
1. Vibria Cholerae 2. Clostridium difficile 3. Clostridium botulinum 4. Clostridium perfringens 5. EAEC, ETEC |
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Infectious doses: 1. Shigella 2. Salmonella-Vibrio 3. Listeria monocytogenes 4. Campylobacter jejuni |
1. over 10^3 2. 10^5-10^8 3. over 10^6 4. 5 x 10^2-10^3 |
