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264 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fall of Rome:
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Economy- the empire split, stopped expanding, large estates engulfed smaller- no farming, Constantine freezes people to their positions, drastically inflated
Political- morale was low, senate lost all control Attila and the Huns attack and cannot be stopped, pillage and killed many, Leo persuades Attila to leave Barbarians attack- Vandals, Germanic tribes Odoacer overthrows western kingdom Eastern fades into Byzantine Empire |
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Three Kingdoms of Egypt:
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Old Kingdom- built most of Pyramids, Pharaoh thought to be a god
Middle Kingdom- encourage trade, falls to invaders New Kingdom- build up military, Sphinx, built great temple |
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Anthropologist
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a person who studies mankind and its aspects, especially culture
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Artifacts
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items that remain from history that can give us clues into the civilization and their culture
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Archaeologists
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a person who searches for artifacts and studies mans history
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Fossils
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a cast of an organism in rock
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Carbon 14
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a system of dating that uses carbon dating to determine the age of an artifact
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Paleolithic Character
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a person who lived in the beginning of the Stone Age
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Neolithic Character
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the time when man went from nomads to farmers
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The four early civilizations
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China, Yellow River; India, Indus River; Mesopotamia, Fertile Crescent; and Egypt, Nile
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Theocracy
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government by god or priests
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Delta
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the head of a river, triangular were silt collects
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Papyrus
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reedy plant that grows on the Nile, used as paper and scrolls
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Cataracts
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rocky places with swift currents and rapids
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Hieroglyphics
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the picture writings of the Egyptians
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Ideogram
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another form of picture writings
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Rosetta Stone
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a slab that was used to translate hieroglyphics
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Champollion
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the French philosopher who deciphered the Rosetta Stone
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Kin Menes
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the king of Upper Egypt who conquered the North and reunited Egypt, first of the Old Kingdom Empires
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Pharaoh
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the Egyptian king who was initially thought to be a God, had pyramids built to house body
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Sakkara
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the capitol of the Old Kingdom, and place of some pyramids
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Hyksos
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a group that ruled Egypt for almost 100 years, were overthrown by Thebes
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Osiris
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an Egyptian God who was the king and judge of the dead
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Queen Hatshepsut
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a great leader of Egypt, encouraged trade, the face of the sphinx
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Thutmose III
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the son of Hatshepsut, mined all that she had accomplished, built Egypt to largest size
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Amenhotep IV
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changed Egypt to monotheism of the sun god
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Ramses II
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The great Pharaoh who confronted the Hittites, marries a Hittite princess
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Cleopatra
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the last of the Pharaohs, was killed by Caesar in her alliance with Marc Antony
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Egyptian Firsts
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anatomy, performed surgery, hygiene, mummification
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Sumerians
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the first civilization, polytheists, cuneiform (first system of writing), base 60, arithmetic
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Ur
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the location in the Fertile Crescent where Sumer was
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Ziggurat
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a pyramid shaped temple
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Cuneiform
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the first ever system of writing invented by the Sumerians
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Sargon
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the Akkadian ruler who conquered Sumer and created the first ever empire
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Hammurabi
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the ruler who united Mesopotamia under Babylon, had the code, eye for an eye and schools
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Babylonians
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the people of Babylon who eventually conquered Mesopotamia
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Nebuchadnezzar
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the most famous Chaldean king, took Jerusalem, rebuilt Babylon, hanging gardens
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Cyrus
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the leader of the Persians; overthrew the Medes, builds world’s largest empire
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Darius
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leader of Persia after Cambyses, trains and pays army, Fails to conquer Greece, Used spies, had roads, minted money
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Xerxes
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tries to conquer Greece and fails, conquered by Alexander the Great
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Hominids
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pre humans, Lucy, a 4% skeleton, 4 ft, 3.3 million years old
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Homoerectus
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may have eaten flesh, walked up right, Peking, Java
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Homosapien
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Neanderthal
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Java man
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fire and walked
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Homosapien Sapien
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Cro-Magnon
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Assyrians
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were fierce warriors, used scare tactics, killing and maiming, built huge library at Nineveh, punished ruthlessly
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Hittites
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warlike Indo European tribe, settled around Turkey, had three-man chariot
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Hebrews
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the Jews, Abraham was first, God tells him to go to Canaan and he will be prosperous, Jacobs sons form 12 tribes, they are lead from Egyptian captivity by Moses, Moses is given 10 commandments, split into Judah and Israel, fell to Assyria, taken to Babylon as slaves, Persians allow to return home
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Sumerian Accomplishments
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cuneiform, math, canals, dykes, walled cities, seal, social order
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Phoenicians
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a wealthy trading society, at the west end of the fertile crescent sailors, founded Carthage
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Minoan
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developed on Crete, grew on Aegean Islands, wrote in Linear A, conquered by Mycenaeans
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Knossos
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the great Minoan city that developed on the island, much about Minoan life discovered here
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Trojan War
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told in the Iliad and Odyssey by Homer, a war between Greece and Troy between Achilles and Hector, war over Helen who was kidnapped by Paris of Troy and was wife of King Menelaus of Sparta
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Dorians
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the people that would become the great Spartans
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Acropolis
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the hill that the Parthenon sat atop
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Polis
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city-state in Greece
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Archons
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the chief of state in Athens, lead the Assemble and council of 500
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Draco
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drafted the much harsher laws that would govern Athens, terrible punishments
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Solon
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drafted the much fairer laws that would govern Athens, a step toward democracy and allowed all men to help in the government
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Cleisthenes
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the leader that breaks up Athens into tribes in order to break up power
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Sparta vs. Athens
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between Peloponnesian League (Sparta and its allies) and Aegean League (Athens and allies) fought out of fear,
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Ephors
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the Spartan elders and heads of State
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Laconic
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the way the Spartans talked, tersely, briefly
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Herodotus
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wrote the historic poem, The Histories, considered the father of History
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Homer
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writer of the Iliad and the Odyssey and was a great story teller
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Pheidippides
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ran 26.2 miles from Marathon to Athens to warn against Persians and died
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Marathon
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the city in Greece that the Persians attacked but the Greeks held
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Salamis
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the last battle of the Persian wars
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Thermopylae
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the pass that the 300 Spartans lead by Leonidas held from the Persians for days while Athens was evacuated
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Hoplites
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the Greek foot soldiers
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Phalanx
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a tight rectangular formation of soldiers
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Pericles
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the Athenian politician that lead to rebuilding, pays judges and politicians and builds splendor
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Attica
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Athens and the surrounding area
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Peloponnesian Wars
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fought between Athens and Sparta, Sparta envied Athens dominance and decided to attack, finally win when they destroy Athens fleet
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Phidias
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great Greek sculptor who carved sculptures in the Parthenon
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Olympia
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the town where the Olympics were started
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Olympus
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the mountain on which the Greek Gods lived
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Tragedies
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type of play in Greece, original type of play
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Comedy
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the second type of play in Greece, had a happy ending, didn’t have to be funny
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Sophocles
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the great Tragedy author wrote over 123 tragedies
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Euripides
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wrote tragedies that questioned the Gods
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Aeschylus
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the father of the tragedy
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Aristophanes
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the Great comedy author
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Sappho
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- the famous woman lyrical poet
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Pindar
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a lyrical poet who wrote to commemorate public events like the Olympics
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Parthenon
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the great temple to the gods on the Acropolis in Athens
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Thales
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the Greek city-state that ended Spartans control over Greece
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Hippocrates
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a Greek physician who wrote the Hippocratic Oath for doctors
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Sophists
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a group of teachers of Philosophy
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Socrates
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taught Plato, was charged with poisoning the minds of youth; sentenced to death by hemlock
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Plato
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Philosopher in golden age- taught Aristotle, recorded all findings, founded the Academy
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Aristotle
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mainly studied world and nature, used intellect to study art and literature, and politics, taught Alexander the Great
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Phillip II
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Great Mesopotamian leader who conquered all City states but Sparta
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Alexander the Great the
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great leader of Mesopotamia who conquered, Central Asia, Egypt, Phoenicia, Persia, built largest empire ever at that point, failed to conquer Indus
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Alexandria
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the capitol of Egypt named after Alexander, Philosophical Capitol of Hellenistic Greece
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Hellenistic
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“Greek Like” the world when Alexander spread his influence all over the world
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Epicurus
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philosopher, poet, greatest good is being happy, happiness is freedom
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Stoics
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people taught not to show their emotions
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Euclid
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mathematician; advanced geometrics, made The Elements and published math
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Archimedes
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scientists/mathematician, calculated pi, made the lever, double pulley, catapult, and screw
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Eratosthenes
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scientist, astronomer, earth round and revolves around the sun, discovered size of the earth
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Cleopatra
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had affairs with Marc Antony and Caesar, was killed with Antony and had Egypt taken away from her
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Latins
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found Rome but lose control to Etruscans
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Etruscans
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conquered Latins, give Rome Wall and Sewer, Building Techniques, Alphabet and Number System, Introduced Gladiator Games and Chariot Races, Styles of Sculpture and Art
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Patricians
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the class of the wealthy that ruled Rome
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Plebes
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the lower class that had no control
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Legions
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Unit of 2000 soldiers in Roman Army
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Tribes
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divisions of the people also used as voting groups
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12 Tables
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a spelling out of the law forced by the Plebeians that was placed in the Forum
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Centuries
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soldiers that kept lookout over the cities
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Punic Wars
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the series of three wars between Carthage and Rome
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Scipio
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the Roman leader who attacked Carthage and forced Hannibal to return
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Carthage
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an African empire that rivaled Rome
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Gracchus Brothers
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two grandsons of Scipio who were elected tribunes, Tiberius and Gaius
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Hannibal
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Carthage general who invade Rome and won battle after battle until Scipio
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Marius
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recruited soldiers from the poor elected consul six times
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Sulla
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great military leader, stopped from becoming consul by Marius, gets into a war, wins and becomes dictator but tries to restore Republic and retires
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1st Triumvirate
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Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus; take control of government, Crassus dies, land is split
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Julius Caesar
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crossed the Rubicon and fights Pompey for Rome, wins, reforms government, redistributes land, public works, increased soldier pay
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2nd Triumvirate
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Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus; Lepidus dies
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Augustus
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Octavian after he defeats Antony arid Cleopatra at Actium, “the exalted one”
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Pax Romana
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period of peace during reign of Augustus
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Julio Claudian
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the emperors that succeed Augustus, were bad, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero
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Good Emperors
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follow the Julio Claudians, Nerva, Hadrian, Trajan, Antonius, and Aurillius
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Flavians
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succeeded the good emperors, four in one year- Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespian
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Pliny
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wrote on natural History died at Vesuvius
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Mt. Vesuvius
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the great volcano at Pompey that erupted and killed thousands
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Virgil
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Aeneid- heroics epic of hero Aeneas fleeing Troy with his father on his back
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Cicero
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essayist- admirer of Rome; set a moral standard for essayist
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Livy
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wrote the history of Rome “I honestly believe that no country has ever been greater than Rome”
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Aeneid
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written by Virgil, epic poem told of Aeneas who roamed from Troy to Italy
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Christianity
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religion started by Jesus of Nazareth who was the son of God, appealed to poor because it offered salvation and eternal life in Heaven
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Peter
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Jesus’ disciple who continued to preach after his death
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Paul
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spread the good news of Christianity to gentiles- non-Jews
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Diocletian
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Strengthened empire with harsh laws, divided empire e/w-took west, price limits, persecuted Christians
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Constantine
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the leader of the reunified Rome, built capitol in the East, Constantinople, recognized Christianity
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Barbarians
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the Huns, Vandals, Germanic tribes that are largely responsible for overthrowing Rome
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Attila
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the great fearsome leader of the Huns who leads the attacks on Rome
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Mohenjo-Daro
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the great city of paved streets in Indus valley
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Harappa
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second of great cities in Indus carefully planned out, excelled in trade
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Aryans
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take over ancient India under Asoka, turns to Buddhism after Bloody battles
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Vedas
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the sacred writings of the Aryans
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Reincarnation
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the belief of the Hindu that you are reborn repeatedly in new bodies
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Hinduism
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religion major in India, no creator of religion, lead to Buddhism
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Indus
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the river in India that civilization thrived on
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Ganges
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another river in India that supported a civilization
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Brahman
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the God of the Hindus
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Brahma
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the creator out of the trinity in Hindu
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Vishnu
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the sustainer of the trinity
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Shin
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the destroyer of the trinity
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Castes
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the social classes of the Hindu
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Brahmins
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highest-ranking Caste, priests and teachers, smallest in number
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Kshatrias
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the warriors and the rulers’ caste
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Vaishyas
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common people, traders, farmers, herder’s caste
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Sudras
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servant’s caste
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Untouchables
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the mostly non-Hindu people and those who did work that Hindu disagreed with
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The Buddha
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Siddhartha Gautama, meditated on the troubles of the world and became enlightened
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Buddhism
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Evolved from Hinduism, believed you could reach Nirvana in first life, followed teachings of The Buddha
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4 Noble Truths
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Life means suffering, suffering is caused by desire, restraining desire can end suffering, knowing this makes you ready for the 8-fold path
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Middle Path
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the way a Buddhist is to conduct his Life, rightness of views, intent, speech, conduct, means of livelihood, mindfulness, endeavors, meditation
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Maurya
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Indian dynasty in the fourth-third centuries BCE, unified the subcontinent for the first time, contributed to the spread of Buddhism.
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Asoka
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the great ruler of ancient India; takes up Buddhism after battles, forms monasteries
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Guptas
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Indian dynasty; lead by Chandra Gupta, who built Mohenjo-Daro
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Yellow River
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the river in China that supported the Chinese civilization
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Shang Dynasty
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preceded the Zhao dynasty, used oracle bones, the first dynasty
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Pan Ku
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Chinese creator; giant
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Mandate of Heaven
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what the rulers used to stay in power, they said the Gods would not let an unjust ruler remain
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Chou
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or Zhao, overthrow the Shang
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Chin
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or Qin, unite China, 10,000 terracotta soldiers, shunned Confucians, and built small walls united to form Great Wall, built roads
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Confucius
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the man whose teachings lead to Confucianism, duties to family and friends, wrote the Analects, said by nature people are kind
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Taoism
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founded by Lao Tzu, adapt don’t struggle, three treasures- love, moderation, contentment, people are corrupted by society
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Legalism
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by nature people are bad, people need strong government to lead
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Han
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rules under mandate of heaven, uses Confucianism to cloak legalist morals, Lu rules through husband and gets whole family killed
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Shintoism
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“the way of the gods” prayers in gardens, god is good man is good therefore man is god, priests have other jobs
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Justinian
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the leader of Constantinople who tried to reunite Rome but failed, had great general Crassus
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Byzantine Empire
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the empire built on Constantinople and the ruins of the old Roman Empire
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Russian Orthodox
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the branch of Christianity founded in Kiev, Russia
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Kiev
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the capitol of Russia and center
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Slavs
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the people of Russia, hired three Russian brothers to come and rule
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Dnieper
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the river in Russia
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Vladimir
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Russian Grand Duke, converted to Christianity
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Ivan III
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freed Russia from Mongol rule
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Ivan IV or the Terrible
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first Russian to take the title of Tzar; killed son, insane
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Judaism
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Friday is Sabbath, founded by Abraham, Yom Kippur is holiest day
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Jewish Terms
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Orthodox, Reformed, Conservative; synagogue, temple, menorah, shema
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Islam
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founded my Mohammed, holy book is Koran, Mecca is holy city, worships Allah
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Mohammed
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founder of Islam, prophet of Allah, grew up as camel merchant
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Mecca
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holy city, one of the 5 pillars
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Shiites
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only Mohammed’s descendants can be religious leaders
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Sunnis
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anybody that is qualified can be leader
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Medina
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holy city, where Muhammad is buried, where Muhammad fled to- Hijra
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Great Mosque
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In Jerusalem, contains the Kaaba
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Kaaba
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contains the black rock, turned black when Adam and Eve sinned
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5 pillars
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Alms, Hajj, Creed, 5 prayers a day, Ramadan
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Dome of the Rock
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in Jerusalem, Covers the boulder that Muhammad ascended from
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Omar Khayyam
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wrote the quatrain poems- Rubaiyat
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Czar (Tsar)
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Dictator of Russia
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Cyril
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worked with Methodius; created Cryillic alphabet- Slavonic written language
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Methodius
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converted many slavs/Moravians to christianity
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Moscow
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Russian capital
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Allah
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Islamic God
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Bedouin
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desert-dwelling Muslim nomads
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Koran
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Islamic Holy book
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Franks
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Germanic tribe, many converted to Christianity, led by Clovis and later, Charlemagne
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Clovis
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King of the Franks, converted to Christianity
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Charles mantel
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Charlemagne’s grandfather; won many battles against Muslims
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Charlemagne
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led the Franks; crowned emperor of the new Roman Empire
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Treaty of Verdun
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treaty that divided Charlemagne’s empire among his grandsons after his death
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Vikings
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Scandinavian sailors; extremely feared for their sporadic raids
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Valkries
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Norse (Viking) legendary creature; decides who will win a battle
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Feudalism
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social system where vassals got land from their lords in return for military service
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Bourgeoisie
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Upper level of the new middle class; consisted of artisans and tradesmen
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Fief
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land granted by lord
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Primogeniture
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eldest son inherits the goods
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Chivalry
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the code of conduct for knights
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Hierarchy
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a system of social rankings
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Knighting
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knights swore an oath of loyalty to their lords
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Castles
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fortresses where royalty or nobles lived.
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Castle defenses
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round shape, moats, drawbridge, catapult
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Castle offenses
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Catapults, oil, bow/arrow
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Manorialism
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social system much like feudalism, but was based around large estates called manors
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3 field system
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3 fields were maintained: 2 used, 1 left idle; the beginning of crop rotation
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Church
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at many times the church was the government; churches were places of worship
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St. Benedict
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Italian saint, formed the Benedictine Rule- strict guidelines for religious dedication
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Franciscans
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monks that followed the Rule of St. Francis
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Dominicans
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followers of a religious order founded by St. Dominic
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Abbey of Cluny
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Abbey where monks originally returned to following Benedictine Rule
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Salvation
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saving of your sole after death, basically going to heaven
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7 sacraments
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Baptism, Eucharist, Reconciliation, Confirmation, Marriage, Holy Orders, and Last Rights
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Excommunication/interdiction
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rejection from the church; takes away your salvation; used as punishment
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Hanseatic League
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traders that serviced the Germanic cities
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Craft/merchant Guilds
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much like unions, it was a group of artisans that trained apprentices and sold their goods
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Romanesque
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Roman architecture; domes, arches
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Gothic
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architecture style; flying buttress arches, much taller buildings
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Dante
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wrote The Divine Comedy
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Aquinas
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Scholar; thought people could learn through experimenting; Scholasticism
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Roger Bacon
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Summa Theologica: faith and reason come from god
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Crusades (I,III,IV)
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A series of wars carried out by European Christians to take the Holy Land
I- took Jerusalem in 1099, killed Jews, Muslims, Christians alike III- Richard the Lionhearted fought Saladin, Saladin is victorious IV- Crusaders attacked a Christian port so they were all excommunicated; they decided not to attack Jerusalem, but instead raided and took over Constantinople |
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Pope Urban II
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called upon Christians to fight first Crusade
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Saladin
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Muslim sultan; fought to drive Christians from the Holy Land
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Norman Conquest
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William the Conqueror took the throne by force, then turned England over to the feudal system
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William the Conqueror
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King of England that brought Feudalism to England; was also a powerful French noble
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Magna Carta
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Made it so that the King didn’t have all the power; introduced parliament, and stated that the king wasn’t above the law.
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King John
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tried taxing the nobles who rebelled and created the Magna Carta
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King Henry II
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great grandson of William the Conqueror, married Eleanor of Aquitaine
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Runnymede
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a meadow next to the River Thames, notable for being the location of the sealing of the Magna Carta
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Model parliament
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the parliament under Edward I; included nobles, clergy members, and representatives from every town in England
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Capetian Kings
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French noble family that rose to power and conquered almost all of modern France
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Lay investiture
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When bishops were appointed by the government
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Simony
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the buying and selling of church offices
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Concordat of Worms
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an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V, removed the Emperor’s divine authority to appoint church officials
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Pope Gregory VII
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asserted the churches power to appoint bishops; excommunicated Henry IV because he wished these powers for himself
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Pope Gregory the Great
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restored monastic discipline
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Black Death
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a plague spread by rats and fleas that wiped out 1/3-1/2 of Asia and Europe
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Arts
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gothic architecture, illumination, tapestry, epics, romances, and fables
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Science
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alchemy, experimentational research
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Scholasticism
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Christian teachings were also knowable and provable through the use of logic and reason
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Vernacular
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a language from a particular region
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Early Universities
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Bologna, Oxford, and Paris
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Italy
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controlled most trade, among the first European areas to build thriving trade economies
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Germany
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Hanseatic league controlled most trade between Europe, Russia, and the Baltic regions
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Banquet terms
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Jester, Troubadour-sang, panter-protected lord’s bread, steward, carver-cut the food, ewer-jug of washing water
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Canterbury
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Taken over by William the Conqueror, Contains part of the Roman Wall
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Richard the lionhearted
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King of England that thought Saladin during the third crusade
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