• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/23

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

23 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are colon polyps?
1. Elevations of colonic mucosa.
2. Small mucosal outgrowths into the lumen of the colon or rectum.
Name the 2 different types of polyps.
1. Non-neoplastic: formed as a result of abnormal mucosal maturation, inflammation or architecture.
2. Neoplastic: Arise as a result of epithelial proliferation and dysplasia; precursors of carcinoma.
What are 4 different types of non-neoplastic polyps?
1. Hyperplastic
2. Hamartoma
3. Inflammatory
4. Lymphoid
What are the different types of neoplastic polyps?
1. Tubular adenoma
2. Villous adenoma
3. Tubulovillous adenoma
What is the most common type of neoplastic polyp?
Tubular adenoma (75%)
Which type of adenoma has the highest risk of developing into a carcinoma?
Villous adenoma (46%)
True or False. The smaller the polyp, the greater the risk of developing into a carcinoma.
False. Size matters (>2.0 cm, risk is 46%)
How many years does it take to make a polyp?
5 years
What is the adenoam-carcinoma sequence?
A well-described set of genetic alterations that occurs and ultimately leads to colorectal malignancy.
How do polyps become cancerous?
1. Starts with mutation in APC gene, followed by alterations in several other genes.
2. Neoplastic cells show abnormal features (shape and nuclear changes).
3. Abnormal cells proliferate.
4. Polyps enlarge and further mutations accumulate.
5. Cells invade and destruct adjacent normal tissue, form new blood vessels and spread by traveling through blood vessels to other parts of the body.
How long does it take for polyps to become cancerous?
5 years
Where is colon cancer most commonly found?
Left colon (75%)
What are important risk factors for colon cancer?
1. Age > 50 years.
2. Prior colon cancer or adenomas.
3. Family hx (esp >1 relative or if index relative is < 60 years)
4. Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer.
5. UC or Chrohn's colitis (extensive and longstanding)
6. Low fiber, high fat diet.
7. Obesity
8. Smoking
True or False. A patient suspected of colon cancer would present with rectal bleeding, diarrhea, crampy pain or anemia.
True
Which type of investigation is able to show apple core lesions?
Barium enema
According to Duke's classification, which stage indicates the best prognosis?
Stage A: Cancer contained in bowel wall.
When cancer goes through the bowel wall to pericolic fat, the 5 year survival is 90%, 60%, 30% or 15%
60%
Is a colonsocopy with biopsy indicated for a patient with suspected colon cancer?
Yes
What percentage of colon polyps become cancerous?
10%
What does the diagnosis of colon cancer involve?
1. Digital rectal exam
2. Barium enema
3. Colonoscopy
How is colon cancer treated?
Surgery +/- chemotherapy.
How is colon cancer monitered after treatment?
1. Colonoscopy at 1 year and 3 years after clearance study.
2. CEA q 3 months to check for recurrence.
What is done to screen for colon cancer?
1. Fecal occult blood test annually at age 50.
2. Colonoscopy for high risk cases.