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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What cells are found in the fundic stomach?
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Mucous neck cells, chief cells, parietal cells, enteroendocrine cells, undifferentiated cells.
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What does the mucosa of the fundic stomach look like?
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Short pits, long glands
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What does the mucosa of the pyloric stomach look like?
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Deep pits, short glands
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Why would autoimmune atrophic gastritis cause anemia and neurological deficits?
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Lack of intrinsic factor, cannot absorb B12. Need B12 for RBC production and nervous system impulse conduction.
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What is mucosal epithelium derived from?
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Endoderm
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What does the lamina propria of the gut contain?
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Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, lymphoid tissue (nodular and diffuse), sometimes glands.
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Organization of muscularis mucosae?
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Thin inner circular layer, outer longitudinal.
Separates mucosa from submucosa. |
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What is the embryonic derivation of Meissner's plexus?
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Neural crest
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What layer is meissner's plexus in?
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Submucosa
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What is the submucosa layer made out of?
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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What is in muscularis externa?
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Inner circular
Outer longitudinal Myenteric (auerbach's plexus) |
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What is the serosa layer?
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Loose CT with BV, lymphatics and nerves.
Covered by mesothelium. |
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What is the mucosal epithelium of the esophagus?
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Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
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What are the cardiac glands?
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Glands at lower end of esophagus that secrete neutral pH mucous.
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What type of muscle does the esophagus have?
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Longitudinal only in the MM
Circular/long in ME |
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What happens at the esophagogastric junction?
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Transition from stratified squamous to fundic stomach (simple columnar)
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What are esophageal glands proper?
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Slightly acidic secretions to lubricate lumen of esophagus.
More numerous in upper part, but present throughout entire length. |
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What type of muscle does the upper third ME of esophagus have?
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Skeletal
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What type of muscle does the middle third of the ME of the esophagus have?
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Mixed skeletal and smooth.
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What type of muscle does the lower third of the ME of the esophagus have?
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smooth muscle only
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Gastric mucosa contains?
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mucous secreting cells, LP, tubular gastric glands, two layered MM
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What type of glands are present in the cardiac region of the stomach?
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Mucous-secreting cell
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Where are parietal cells located?
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upper part of gastric glands, acidophilic (mitochondria)
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Where are chief cells located?
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Lower portions of glands, basophilic
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What do parietal cells do?
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Transport H+ across membrane to make HCL
Secrete intrinsic factor |
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What do chief cells do?
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Have zymogen granules that release pepsinogen
contain a lot of RER |
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What do enteroendocrine cells make?
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gastrin that stimulates acid production.
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Where do enteroendocrine cells release their products?
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Lamina propria
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ME of stomach?
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3 layers
oblique/ circular/ longitudinal |
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What are vavles of Kerkring?
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Plicae circulares - the core of submocosa in the small intestine
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What are paneth cells?
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Contain lysozyme in granules (antibacterial) in the bottom of Lieberkuhn crypts
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Cells of the small intestine
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Absorptive cells with microvilli (enterocytes)
Paneth cells in crypts Goblet cells Enteroendocrine cells M cells |
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What are the intestinal glands called in the small intestine?
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Crypts of Lieberkuhn
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What are microfold cells?
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Modified enterocytes in the small intestine that cover lymph nodules of the LP
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3 levels of folding to increase surface area in SI
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Plicae circularis, villi, microvilli
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Where in the small intestine does the submucosa contain glands?
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Duodenum
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What do the M cells do?
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Present antigens to CD4+ T cells in the LP
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What do plasma cells secrete in the GI tract?
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IgA
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What is special about the duodenum?
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Brunners glands found in the submucosa, outside MM
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What is the function of Brunner's glands?
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To secrete alkaline secretins to buffer acidic chyme
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What do enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum secrete?
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CCK and GIP and Secretin
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What does CCK do?
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Stimultes gall bladder to contract, pancrease to secrete, inhibits gastric emptying
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What does GIP do?
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Shuts off acid production in stomach
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What does secretin do?
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Stimulates pancreatic secretions and inhibits gastric acid production
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What happens at the gastroduodenal junction?
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Transition from pyloric mucosa to intestinal mucosa, villi, goblet cells and brunner's glands.
Thickening of muscle = sphincter |
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What is unique about Ileum?
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Peyers patches, more goblet cells than anywhere, club-like villi
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What is unique about the large intestine?
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No paneth cells, no villi, have teniae coli in ME
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What happens at the anorectal junction?
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Transition from simple columnar to stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium.
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What happens at the second transition zone of the anal junction?
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Non-keratinized to keratinized.
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What is the embryologic derivation of hepatocytes?
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Foregut endoderm
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75% of the blood to the liver comes from where?
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Hepatic portal vein (oxygen-poor blood)
Other blood comes form hepatic artery. |
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How many portal triads are around a lobule?
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3-6
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What is the classic liver lobule based on?
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Blood flow direction
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What is the portal lobule based on?
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Direction of bile secretion.
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What is the liver acinus based on?
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Best correlation among blood perfusion, metabolic activity, and liver pathology.
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What is at the center of a liver acinus?
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Terminal branches of portal venules, hepatic arterioles, and bile ducts
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Liver acinus Zone 1
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Closest to portal triads.
High oxygen & nutrients, high metabolic rate, high toxin exposure |
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What cells are the first to show changes following bile duct occlusion?
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Zone 1
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What cells are the last to die follwing circulatory impairment?
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Zone 1, they are also the first to regenerate
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Zone 3
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Closest to the central vein.
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What cells are the first to show ischemic necrosis due to circulatory occlusion?
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Zone 3
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What cells are the first to show fatty accumulation?
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Zone 3
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What cells are the last to respond to toxins in the liver?
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Zone 3
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In what stage of liver disease is there an inflammatory response and necrosis of hepatocytes?
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Hepatitis
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what happens to the hepatocellular nodules in cirrhosis?
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Fibrous septa form around them
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What liver zone is affected by heart failure?
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Zone 3
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What are Kupffer cells?
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Mononuclear phagocytic cells found in the walls of sinusoids in the liver.
Can take over fxn of spleen |
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What are Ito cells?
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Store vitamin A in the liver
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What is the narrow space between the endothelium of the sinusoids and the hepatocytes?
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Space of Disse
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What are the contents of bile?
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Bile acids, phospholipis, cholesterol, bilirubin, water.
90% reabsorbed by intestines |
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Flow of bile
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Hepatocytes, bile canaliculi, bile ductules, bile ducts, hepatic ducts, r/l hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, cystic duct, common bile duct
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What are canals of Hering?
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Bile ductules formed by cuboidal cells
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What is the mucosa of Gallbladder?
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Simple columnar epithelium.
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What does the gallbladder not have?
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NO SUBMUCOSA or VILLI
LP sits right on TOP of ME |
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What is a Rokitansky-Aschoff sinus?
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Deep invaginations of mucosa in gallbladder.
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What forms pancreatic acini?
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Serous cells with spherical nuclei
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What do cells of exocrine pancreas secrete?
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digestive enzymes, proteases lipases, nuclease, bicarbonate
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What are centroacinar cells?
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Light-staining cells in the lumens of acini.
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What are the intercalated ducts made out of?
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Cuboidal cells
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What are the interlobular ducts of the pancreas made out of?
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Columnar cells, drainage from intercalated ducts
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What cells make up the germinal centers of the spleen?
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B cells
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What cells are outside the germinal center, but still in the white pulp of the spleen?
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T cells
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