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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Type of blood vessels that lie between hepatocytes
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Sinusoids
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Liver cells that break down aged red blood cells
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Kupfer cells
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Artery of which the hepatic artery is a branch
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Coeliac artery
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Part of alimentary tract in contact with the diaphragm
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Fundus of stomach
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Site of portal-systemic venous anastomoses
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Lower part of esophagus
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Part of large bowel suspended from the posterior ab wall by mesentery
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Transverse colon
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What causes salivary secretion from the submandibulary salivary gland
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Parasympathetic preganglionic fibres of the 7th cranial nerve (facial)
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The bladder is stimulated to contract by...
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...postganglionic parasympathetic fibres
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Lips innervation
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Trigeminal
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Muscles of mastication
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(act around temporo-madibular joint)
Temporalis and masseter Trigeminal nerve innervates |
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Tongue innervation
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Muscles - hypoglossal
Ant. 2/3rds of tongue (closest to lips!) - Trigeminal (general sensation - like lips) and facial (taste) Post. 1/3 of tongue, glossopharyngeal nerve (both sensory and taste) |
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GI tract blood supply
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Coeliac - foregut - to entrance of bile/panceatic duct. - prox half of duodenum
Superior mesenteric - midgut - to splenic flexure Inferior mesenteric - hindgut - to rectum |
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Paired or unpaired vessels
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Unpaired midline arteries to alimentary tract and it's derivatives (stomach, liver, pancreas and spleen)
Paired lateral arteries to intermediate mesoderm derivatives (Kidneys, adrenal, gonads) Paired arteries to ab wall too |
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Muscles of mastication
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Temporalis and masseter (mass-eater lol!!)
Innervated by trigeminal (chewing, lips and tongue sensation) |
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Parotid gland
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Major saliva secreter!
In cheek Controlled by parasympathetic (otic ganglion - glossopharyngeal) |
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Other salivary glands
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Sub mandib and sublingual
Adjacent to tongue Facial nerve - submandib ganglion |
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Pharynx
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Naso, oro and laryngo-pharynx part.
Naso pharynx sealed from oro during swallowing by soft palate elevation Muscular tube formed by 3 constrictor muscles (sup mid and inf) Undergoes peristaltic contraction in response to stim of receptors in oropharynx |
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Larynx
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Formed by cartilages and membranes that protesct airway and vocal cords.
Epiglottis,- leaf like cartilage covers opening of larynx during swallowng. |
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Swallowing
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Tip of tongue moved against hard palate (top of mouth) and post part of tongue depressed so bolus to oropharynx.
Sensory receptors on post part of tongue (glosso innervated) initiate swallowing reflex. Epiglottis moves to cover larynx Soft palate moves up to block junct between oro and nasopharynx epiglottis reopens to allow breathing |
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Vocal cords
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Lie within larynx - [pair of vibratinng membranes - responsible for vocalisation.
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Blood supply to pancreas
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Coeliac and superior mesenteric
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Musculature of oesophagus
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1st third - striated
next = mix of smooth and striated next all smooth. |
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Oesophagus blood supply
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segmental arches of Aorta
venous - azygous vein |
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Ab oesophagus sphincter
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left crus of diaphragm
prevents food/acid reflux |
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Stomach position in abdomen
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Anterior to everything basically!
Directly below diaphragm. Ant to spleen and pancreas body. |
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Duodenum
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Descending, horizontal and ascending limb
Passes below peritoneum |
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Small intestine
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Jejenum and ileum
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Sphincter at end of small bowel?
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Ileo-caecal sphincter.
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Regions of Adomen
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Hypochondriac and epigastric
Lumbar and umbilical Iliac and hypogastric |
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Blood supply to kidney and adrenal
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Suprarenal to adrenal
renal to renal :P |
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Where oesophagus pass through diaphragm?
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Muscular part at T10
Crus acts as effective sphincter |
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Greater omentum
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fused sheet of dorsal mesentery to greater curvature of stomach
Draped over anterior of stomach and transverse colon |
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Coeliac artery derivatives
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Splenic artery
Hepatic artery l gastric |
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The pancreas - retro?
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Yep
Opens into duodenum halfway down at sphincter of oddi |
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Liver
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4 lobes
Lies in Right hypochondrium Suspended by falciform and coronary ligaments from diaphragm and ant ab wall. (develops partially from septum transversum. |
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Duodenum to small bowel - sphincter?
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Nope - no obvious transition
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Asc and desc colon retroperitoneal?
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Socondarily retroperitoneal
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Large bowel characteristic look caused by?
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Bands of longitudinal muscle - taenia coli
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Rectal sphincters
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Internal and 3 external - control continence
Normally closed - by somatic and sympathetic tone stimulation Detect full bowel - parasympathetic Evac of bowel; -parasympathetic innervation, inhibition of symapthetic tone, and voluntary (somatic ) openening of sphincters. |
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Enteric nervous system
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Derived from neural crest
Control motility and secretion and also vascular supply to gut wall |
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Innervation of gut and associated organs
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Sympath and path regulate enteric nerves.
Therefore - secretion, motility and blood supply Parasympathetic - Vagus to all gut except hindgut (by sacral parasympathetic) |
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Small intestine - what type of epithelium?
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Leaky!
Paracellular transport plays major role. NaCl absorbtion not directly regulated tightly Ion absorbtion occurs - drags water with it Absorbs 8.5 litres per day!! |
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Role of smooth muscle contraction of Stomach wall
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Form chyme - churning action
Force chyme out of the stomach through pylorus Prox half contraction just to create pressure, pressure gradient pushes chyme into pylorus. In lower body and fundus - smooth muscle has pacemaker activity and contracts 3/4 times a minutes peristatically from upper to pylorus This has grinding effect - breaking down to small chyme and also forces some out - although when contraction reaches pylorus - completely closes lumen - so contraction release chyme in little spurts. |
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Regulation of stomach contraction
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Via ENS, para and symp
In response to gastric distension (stretch receptors) Also - hormones stimulate - ie. gastrin - relaxes upper stomach and enhances lower stomach grinding action |
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Different sodium solubilities of tract
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Duodenum/jejenum - NaH antiporter, cotransport of Na and AA/glucose
Ileum - Na +glucose/AA, NaH antiporter, NaCl cotransporter/ anion exchanger Colon - NaCl / NaH antiporter / Anion exchanger |
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Aldosterone effect
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Increase sodium absorbtion into tract.
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Cl- transport into GI tract
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P.D dependant in section (because Na+ moving across)
NaCl cotransport in Ileum and below HCO3- ileum and below |
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H+ and HCO3- leave jejenum and ileum in parrallel - how?
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NaH antiporter
HCO3- Cl- antiporter |
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K+ transport in GI tract
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Absorbed in whole thing (decreasing amounts) passive via paracellular route in jej/ileum
Secreted passively in colon but also actively absorbed Aldosterone - stimulates secretion by increasing NaKATPase Hypokalaemia stimulates absorbtion - conc gradients |
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Fe absorbtion
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Important
Divalent metal transporter |
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Calcium absorbtion
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ECaC channel in apical memb
Endocytosed/naca pump out of BL memb |
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Important regulators of secretion and absorbtion of tract
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ENS: Secretors: ACh Absorbtion:NorA/Opioids
Hormones:Secretors: Leukotrienes, ANP Absorbers:Somatostatins, Epineph |
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Carb digestion
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Salivary amylase - initiates digestion
Pancreatic amylase - most into di/trisaccharides Brush border disaccharidases Absorbtion complete by mid jejenum |
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Protein digestion
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Started in stomach - pepsins
Pancreatic - endopeptidases (trypsin) and exopeptidases - carboxypeptidases Brush border digestion can occur Uptake at apical memb (against conc grad) coupled to Na+ - carrier for different classes - leave cells via non na dep carrier Mostly complete absorbtion by end of jejenum |
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Lipid digestion
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Muscular movement of stomach causes emulsion formation with bile salts - inc surface area for lipases to act on - etc
Assembled into chylomicrons in SER - exported by golgi |
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Vitamin absorbtion
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IF release from stomach
Binds recetor and allows endocytosis of vitamin or can passively diffuse in or Na coupled transport Fat soluble vitamins - can be incorporated into micelles - Vit A |
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Secretin
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Release from duodenal S cells
Stimulated by acid in prox duo Stimulates (via Gs) p[ancreatic secretion of HCO3- and water to washout pancreatic enzymes |
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CCK
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I cells of duodenum
Release stimulated by digestion products in duodenum Stimulates gall bladder contraction, secretion of pancreatic enzymes Potentiates action of Secretin |
