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237 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the functions of the GI tract |
-digest and absorb nutrients and water -provide initial immune immune protection -expel solid waste |
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what are the types of smooth muscle contraction that occur in the GI tract to digest |
-segmental -peristalsis -mass action contraction |
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what are some GI issues that require medical intervention |
-ingestion of toxins -vomiting -ulcers -diarrhea -constipation -inflammation |
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what can stimulate vomiting and what is their corresponding part of the nervous system |
-excitement/pain/fear (cortex) -inner ear disturbances (CRTZ) -drugs (CRTZ) -metabolic conditions (CRTZ) -irritation of peripheral nerves |
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what parts of the nervous system does the vomiting center (medulla) connect to |
-chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ) -cerebral cortex -peripheral receptors |
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what does CRTZ stand for |
chemoreceptor trigger zone |
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when might emetics be contraindicated |
-if the ingested substance is caustic -if the animal is unconscious |
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what are the 2 types of emetics |
-central -local |
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when are emetics indicated |
when toxins are ingested (as long as the toxins are not caustic and the animal is conscious) |
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name some loca emetics |
-hydrogen peroxide 3%* -syrup of ipecac -mustard and water or warm salt water |
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what are emetics |
drugs that make you vomit |
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which centrally acting emetic is preferred for dogs |
-apomorphine |
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which centrally acting emetic is preferred for cats |
xylazine |
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name centrally acting emetics |
-apomorphine (narcotic) -xylazine (non-narcotic) |
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name a narcotic emetic |
apomorphine |
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name a non-narcotic emetic |
xylazine |
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how can apomorphine be administered and what forms is it available in |
-conjunctiva -IV -IM -tablets
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what are anti-emetics |
drugs that stop vomiting |
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what are the classes of anti-emetic drugs |
-phenothiazine derivatives -procainamide derivatives -antihistamines (H1 blockers) -serotonin receptor antagonists (5-HT3) -NK1 receptor antagonists |
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in addition to stopping the vomiting with anti-emetics, what else must be done when a patient presents for vomiting |
treat the underlying cause |
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dimenhydrinate is the generic for |
dramamine |
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dramamine is the brand name for |
dimenhydrinate |
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diphenhydramine is the generic for |
benadryl |
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benadryl is the brand name for |
diphenhydramine |
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meclizine is the generic name for |
antivert |
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antivert is the brand name for |
meclizine |
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promethazine is the generic for |
phenergan |
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phenergan is the brand name for |
promethazine |
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what class of drugs is dimenhydrinate (dramamine) and what is it used for in the GI system |
-antihistamine (H1 blocker) -antiemetic |
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what class of drugs is diphenhydramine (benadryl) and what is it used for in the GI system |
-antihistamine (H1 blocker) -antiemetic |
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what class of drugs is meclizine (antivert) and what is it used for in the GI system |
-antihistamine (H1 blocker) -antiemetic |
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what class of drugs is promethazine (phenergan) and what is it used for in the GI system |
-antihistamine (H1 blocker) -antiemetic |
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name antihistamines (H1 blockers) that are used as antiemetics |
-dimenhydrinate (dramamine) -diphenhydramine (benadryl) -meclizine (antivert) -promethazine (phenergan) |
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cerenia aka |
maropitant |
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maropitant aka |
cerenia |
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name an NK1 receptor antagonist used as an antiemetic |
cerenia (maropitant) |
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who is cerenia (maropitant) labeled for |
dogs (off label use in cats) |
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how do NK1 receptor antagonists work |
-by blocking the binding of substance P to NK-1 receptors in the CRTZ -as an antiemetic |
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what are the licensed uses of NK1 receptor antagonists (cerenia [maropitant]) |
-licensed for use with motion sickness or other causes of vomiting |
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what class of drugs is cerenia (maropitant) |
NK1 receptor antagonist antiemetic |
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how is cerenia (maropitant) available and how often can it be dosed out |
-oral tablet, injectable -once daily |
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in field study what were side effects seen with cerenia (maropitant) |
-diarrhea -bloody stool -anorexia -endotoxic shock -otitis |
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what are antihistamine (H1 blockers) used for in regards to GI disorders |
-as an antiemetic -for motion sickness -with inner ear issues |
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how do antihistamines work as an antiemetic |
by blocking H1 receptors in the CRTZ |
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what is a possible side effect of antihistamines (H1 blockers) when used as an antiemetic |
sedation |
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how do phenothiazine derivatives work as antiemetics |
by blocking dopamine receptors in the CRTZ and inhibiting the vomiting center |
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when are phenothiazine derivatives primarily used as an antiemetic |
for motion sickness |
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name phenothiazine derivatives we use as antiemetics |
-chlorpromazine (thorazine) -prochlorperazine (with anticholinergic darbazine) |
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how are chlorpromazine and prochlorperazine (phenothiazine derivatives) available |
-injectable -oral |
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what are the possible side effects of phenothiazine derivatives when used as antiemetics |
-sedation -dilated pupils -hypotension -ataxia -may have negative interactions with other meds: check label before administering |
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what class of drugs does clorpromazine (thorazine) belong to |
-phenothiazine derivatives -antiemetic |
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what class of drugs does prochlorperazine belong to? |
-phenothiazine derivatives -antiemetic |
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how do procainamide dervatives work as antiemetics |
-act on the CRTZ by blocking dopamine -act peripherally by increasing rate of gastric emptying and increasing cardiac sphincter tone |
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name a procainamide derivative |
-metoclopramide (reglan) |
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how is metoclopramide (reglan) available |
injectable or oral |
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metoclopramide aka |
reglan |
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reglan aka |
metoclopramide |
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what class of drugs is metoclopramide (reglan) |
-procainamide derivative -antiemetic |
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how to 5-HT3 receptor antagonists work as an antiemetic |
by binding to the 5-HT3 receptor in the CRTZ and on the vagal nerve |
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name 5-HT3 receptor antagonist antiemetics |
-dolaestron (anzemet) -ondansetron (zofran) |
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what class of drugs does dolaestron (anzemet) belong to |
5-HT3 receptor antagonist antiemetic |
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what class of drugs does ondansetron (zofran) belong to |
5-HT3 receptor antagonist antiemetic |
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how is dolaestron (anzemet) administered and how often |
-injectable and oral -once a day |
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how is ondansetron (zofran) administered and how often |
-injectable, oral -BID-TID |
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who is dolestron (anzemet) licensed for use in |
it is a human only product |
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who is odansetron (zofran) licensed for use in |
it is a human-only product |
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what are the classes of antiulcer medicines |
-proton pump inhibitors -h2 receptor antagonists -antacids -gastromucosal protectants -prostaglandin E1 analogues |
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what are the side effects of proton pump inhibitors |
-constipation -sedation -ileus -pancreatitis -CNS effects |
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what are the side effects of antacids when used as antiulcer meds |
-constipation -diarrhea |
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what are the side effects of prostaglandin E1 analogues when used as antiulcers |
-diarrhea -vomiting -flatulence -abdominal pain |
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cimetadine aka |
tagamet |
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tagamet aka |
cimetadine |
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ranitide aka |
zantac |
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zantac aka |
rantitide |
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famotidine aka |
pepcid |
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pepcide aka |
famotidine |
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name H2 receptor antagonists which are used as antiulcer medications |
-cimetadine (tagamet) -ranitidine (zantac) -famotidine (pepcid) -nizatidine |
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what class of drug is cimetadine (tagamet) |
-h2 receptor antagonists -antiulcer medicaiton |
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what class of drug is ranitidine (zantac) |
-h2 receptor antagonist -antiulcer |
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which class of drugs is famotidine (pepcid) |
-h2 receptor antagonist -antiulcer medicaitons |
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how is cimetadine (tagamet) administered |
oral and injectable |
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how does cimetadine (tagamet) work |
inhibit microsomal enzymes |
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who are h2 receptor antagonists used in as antiulcer medications |
dogs, cats, horses |
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in addition to having antiulcer properties, what does ranitidine (zantac) do |
promotes gastric emptying |
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name an h2 receptor antagonist antiulcer medication that is 5x more potant than cimetadine |
ranitidine (zantac) |
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How is ranitidine (zantac) administered |
-oral -injectable |
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how is famotidine (pepcid) administered and how often |
-oral and injectable -1x daily |
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name proton pump inhibitors which are used as antiulcer medications |
-omeprazole (prilosec, gastrogard [horses]) -lansopazole (prevacid) -pantoprazole -rabeprazole |
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what class of drugs is omeprazole (prilosec, gastrogard) |
-proton pump inhibitors -antiulcer medications |
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what class of drugs is lansopazole (prevacid) |
-proton pump inhibitors -antiulcer medication |
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omeprazole is aka |
-prilosec -gastrogard (in horses) |
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prilosec aka |
omeprazole |
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gastrogard aka |
omeprazole |
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lansopazole aka |
prevacid |
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prevacid aka |
lansopazole |
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how do antacid antiulcer medications work |
-they are nonabsorable salts of Al, Ca, or Mg -decrease the acid by binding to stomach acid |
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name antiacids which can be used as antiulcer medications |
-aluminum hydroxide (amphoiel) -aluminum carbonate (basaliel) -aluminum/magnesium hydroxide (mylanta, maalox) -magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia) |
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other than antiulcer properties, what are other functions antacids may have |
-laxative function -bind phosphorus |
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aluminum hydroxide aka |
amphoiel |
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amphoiel aka |
aluminum hydroxide |
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aluminum magnesium hydroxide aka |
mylanta, maalox |
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magnesium hydroxide aka |
milk of magnesia |
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mylanta aka |
aluminum/magnesium hydroxide |
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maalox aka |
aluminum/magnesium hydroxide |
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what class of drugs is aluminum hydrocide |
antiacid antiulcer |
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what class of drugs is amphoiel |
antacids antiulcers |
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what class of drugs is aluminum/magnesium hydroxide |
antiacids antiulcer |
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what class of drugs is magnesium hydroxide |
antacids antiulcers |
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what class of drugs is mylanta |
antacids antiulcer |
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what class of drugs is maalox |
antacids antiulcers |
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what calss of drugs is milk of magnesia |
antacid antiulcers |
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how do gastromucosal protectants work as antiulcers |
-acts as a barrier to stomach acid on ulcerated mucosa -needs acid environment |
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what is required for gastromucosal protectants such as sucralfate (carafate) to work |
an acidic environment |
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what is contraindicated in gastromucosal protectants such as sucralfate (carafate) |
should not be administered with H2 blockers |
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sucralfate aka |
carafate |
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carafate aka |
sucralfate |
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what class of drugs does sucralfate (carafate) belong to |
-gastromucosal protectants -antiulcers |
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name gastromucosal protectants which are used as antiulcers |
-sucralfate (carafate) |
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misoprostol aka |
cytotec |
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cytotec aka |
misoprostol |
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how do prostaglandin E1 analogues work as antiulcer medications |
-by increasing mucous and bicarbonate production in the stomach -by inhibiting parietal cells from secreting H+ into the stomach |
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name a prostaglandin E1analogue which is used as an antiulcer |
-misoprostol (cytotec) |
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what class of drugs is misoprostol (cytotec) |
-prostaglandin E1 analogues -antiulcer |
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what are the main classes of antidiarrheal agents we use |
-narcotic analgesics -anticholinergics -protectants/adsorbents |
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what are the different classes of protectants/adsorbents used as antidiarrheals |
-kaolin/pectin -bismuth subsalicylate -activated charcoal |
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how do protectants/adsorbents work as antidiarrheals |
-coat the mucosa to prevent further irritation -absorb toxins and bacteria to prevent further damage |
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name an activated charcoal used as a protectant/adsorbent |
-toxban |
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how does activated charcoal work as a protectant/adsorbent and how is it administered |
-it absorbs toxins -it is given in a slurry with mineral oil and kaolin |
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what kind of drug is toxban |
-activated charcoal -protectant/adsorbent -antidiarrheal |
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what kind of drug is kaolin/pectin |
-protectant/adsorbent -antidiarrheal |
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what kind of drug are bismuth coats |
-bismuth subsalicyltes -protectants/adsorbents -antidiarrheals |
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who are bismuth subsalicylates contraindicated in |
cats |
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what are the components of bismuth subsalicylates |
-bismuth coats -salicylate (antiinflammatory) |
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how do narcotic analgesics work as antidiarrheals |
-increase segmental contractions -decrease secretions -increase absorption |
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what are the side effects of narcotic analgesics used as antidiarrheal agents |
-constipation -ileus -sedation -CNS signs |
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name the narcotic analgesics which can be used as antidiarrheal agents |
-diphenoxylate CV (lomotil) -loperamide (immodium) -paregoric/kaolin |
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what are the 2 agents foudn in lomotil |
-diphenoxylate cv -atropine |
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diphenoxylate CV aka |
lomotil |
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lomotil aka |
diphenoxylate CV |
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loperamide aka |
immodium |
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immodium aka |
loperamide |
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what kind of drug is diphenoxylate CV (lomotil) |
-narcotic analgesic -antidiarrhea |
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what kind of drug is loperamide (immodium) |
-narcotic analgesic -antidiarrheal |
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can loperamide (immodium) be used in cats |
yes |
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how do anticholinergics function as antidiarrheals |
-further slowing the action of peristalisis -not the preferred treatment |
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name anticholinergic agents used as antidiarrheals |
-centrine -buscopen -probantheline |
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what kind of drug is centrine |
-anticholinergic -antidiarrheal |
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what kind of drug is buscopen |
-anticholinergic -antidiarrheal |
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what kind of drug is probantheline |
-anticholinergic -antidiarrheal |
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different types of laxatives (the different ways a laxative's action may be achieved) |
-saline/hyperosmotic agents -bulk producing agents (fiber) -lubricants -surfactants/softeners -irritants (not commonly used in vet med) |
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what are laxatives used for |
to loosen stools and encourage evacuation of the bowels |
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name harsh laxitives |
-cathartics/purgatives |
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name hyperosmotic laxatives |
-lactulose (enulose) -magnesium hydroxide -polyethylene glycol (miralax) |
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lactulose aka |
enulose |
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enulose aka |
lactulose |
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what is lactulose (enulose) |
milk sugar |
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magnesium hydroxide aka |
milk of magnesia |
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milk of magnesia aka |
magnesium hydrocide |
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polyethylene glycol aka |
miralax |
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miralax aka |
polyethylene glycol |
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when is miralax (polyethylene glycol) contraindicated |
in renal failure |
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how does miralax (polyethylene glycol) work |
acts in colon to balance water content of stool |
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what kind of drug is lactulose (enulose) |
hyperosmotic laxative |
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what kind of drug is miralax (polyethylene glycol) |
hyperosmotic laxative |
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how do hyperosmotic laxatives work |
-contain molecules that are poorly absorbed by GI tract -holds water in the intestinal lumen -softens stool -encourages peristalsis -constpiation |
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when are hyperosmotic laxatives used/what are they used for |
-softens stool -encourages peristalsis -constipation |
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which antiinflammatories are used for inflammatory bowel disease |
-prenisone/prednisolne -arathioprine (imuran) -sulfasalazine (azulfadine) -olsalazine (dipentum) |
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how do bulk producing agents (fiber) work as laxatives |
-indigestible plant material absorbs water -swells stool stimulating peristalsis |
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examples of bulk producing agents (fiber) used as laxatives |
-psyllium fiber -vetasyl -metamucil |
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what is a common ingredient of bulk producing agents (fiber) |
seed of plantago plant |
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when are bulk producing agents (fibers) indicated as laxatives |
-constipation -sand impaction |
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how do lubricants/oils work as laxatives |
-made from mineral oil or petroleum jelly -not absorbed by the body -works directly on the fecal mass: softens fecal mass |
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what may be an issue with long term use of lubricants/oils as laxatives |
-long term use may interfere with the absorption of fat soluble vitamins |
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who is mineral oil preferred in as a lubricant |
horses |
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when is mineral oil indicated as a laxative |
-constipation -colic -impaction |
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what are some examples of petroleum jelly laxatives |
-vasoline -laxatone -petromalt -felilax |
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name the main ingredients of lubricants/oils which are used for laxatives |
-mineral oil -petroleum jelly |
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when are surfactants/stool softeners indicated as laxatives |
-GI upset in cattle -when stool is dry hard or impacted (obstipation) in small animals -equine impaction |
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how do surfactants/stool softeners work |
-reduce surface tension to allow water to penetrate fecal masses -may increase intestinal secretions |
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which drugs are used in the treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency |
-viokase -pancreazyme |
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name example pancreatic enzymes |
-amylase/lipse |
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name drugs which supplement pancreatic enzymes |
-viokase -pancreazyme |
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how must pancreatic enzymes be administered |
added to food (every meal) 15-20 minutes before feeding |
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what kind of drug is viokase |
pancreatic enzyme |
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what kind of drug is pancreazyme |
pancreatic enzyme |
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what must you do/not do when administering viokase or pancreazyme |
-avoid contact with skin -avoid inhaling powder |
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what kind of drug is ursodiol |
hepatoprotectant |
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how does ursodil work |
enhancing the flow of bile |
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when is ursodil indicated |
-inflammatory and cholestatic liver disease in dogs and cats |
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how does lactulose exert hepatoprotectant effects |
it traps ammonia in the colon |
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when is lactulose indicated as a hepatoprotectant |
-hepatic encephalopathy |
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what is silymarin and what properties does it have |
-milk thistle extract -antioxident properties -antiinflammtory properties -hepatoprotectant qualities |
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name drugs which can be used as hepatoprotectants |
-silymarin -lactulose -S-adenosylmethionine -ursodil |
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when is silymarin indicated |
hepatic inflammation and necrosis in dogs and cats |
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what kind of effects does S-adenosylmethionine and how does it exert these effects |
-hepatoprotective effects -precursor to glutathione |
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when is S-adenosylmethionine indicated |
-hepatic inflammation and necrosis in dogs and cats -for animals on tricyclic antidepressants |
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why might antibiotics be used in treating of GI issues |
-for bacterial overgrowth -for bacteria dz of the GI tract |
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name antibiotics which may be used in cases of GI issues |
-metronidazole (flagyl) -amoxicillin -clavamox -tylosin |
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what properties does metronidazole (flagyl) have |
-antibacterial -antiprotozoal -antiinflammtory |
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when is metronidazole (flagyl) indicated |
to treat non-specific chronic diarrhea |
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when is metronidazole (flagyl) contraindicated |
-food animals -debilitated animals -pregnant or nursing animals |
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what are some possible side effects of metronidazole (flagyl) |
-hepatotoxicity -neutropenia -vomiting/diarrhea |
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who is metronidazole (flagyl) labeled for |
labeled for human-use only, all use in animals is extralabel |
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metronidazole aka |
flagyl |
|
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flagyl aka |
metronidazole |
|
|
name some drugs that can be used as appetite stimulants |
-diazepam (valium) -oxazepam -cyproheptadine (periactin) -mirtazapine (remeron) |
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name a drug that can be used for weight loss in animals |
dirlotapide (slentrol) |
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dirlotapide aka |
slentrol |
|
|
slentrol aka |
dirlotapide |
|
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when is dirlotapide (slentrol) indicated and how does it work |
-obesity management -blocks uptake of fats into the blood stream |
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what are some possible side effects of dirlotapide (slentrol) |
-vomiting -diarrhea -lethargy -anorexia -dehydration -constipation |
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what class of drug is mirtazapine (remeron) and what is it used for in treating GI disorders |
-tetracyclic antidepressant -appetite stimulant |
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what kind of drug is cyproheptadine (periactin) and what is it used for in treating GI disorders |
-antihistamine -appetite stimulant |
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what class of drug is diazepam (valium) and what is it used for in treating GI disorders |
-benzodiazepine -appetite stimulant |
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how do probiotics work |
active cultures of beneficial microbes competiively inhibit GI tract pathogens |
|
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when are probiotics indicated |
-when disruption of normal GI tract flora is suspected -for allergies -when antibiotic therapy is being used -in non-specific diarrhea |
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name some example probiotics |
-fortiflora* -prostera* -yogurt -culturelle |
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what kind of drug is fortiflora |
probiotic |
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what kind of drug is prostera |
probiotic |
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what do Gi prokinetics and stimulants do |
-increase motility and hasten transit time |
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name drugs that have GI prokinetic and stimulant effects (and their class) |
-metoclopramide (dopaminergic antagonist) -cisapride (seroteonergic) -motilin-like (erythromycin) -Rantidine (H2 receptor antagonist) |
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what type of drug is metoclopramide and what effects does it have on the GI tract |
-dopaminergic antagonist -GI prokinetic and stimulant |
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what type of drug is cisapride and what effect does it have on the GI tract |
-seroteonergic -GI prokinetic and stimulant |
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what kind of drug is erythromycin and what effect does it have on the GI tract |
-motilin-like -GI prokinetic and stimulant |
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what kind of drug is ranitidine and what effect does it have on GI motility |
-H2 receptor antagonist -GI prokinetic and stimulant |
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who are FLEET enemas contraindicated in |
-cats -puppies |
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who are FLEET enemas indicated in |
-dogs -foals |
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what is in a FLEET enema |
sodium phosphate |
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how can docusate sodium be administered |
orally enema (sodium phosphate enemia/FLEET enema) |
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name a surfactant/stool softener |
-docusate sodium (sodium phosphate) |
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segmentation is |
- |
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peristalsis is |
- |
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mass action contraction is |
- |
|
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Segmental contraction |
Periodic contraction of the segment of intestine that mixes the ingesta in place but does not move ingesta forward |
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Segmental contraction |
Periodic contraction of the segment of intestine that mixes the ingesta in place but does not move ingesta forward |
|
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Mass action contraction |
Contraction in the colon moving ingesta forward |
|
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Peristalsis |
Wave of intestinal contractions that moves ingesta forward |
