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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aromatic hydrocarbons
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Benzene (carcinogen with CV toxicity)
Toluene (CV toxicity but not a carcinogen) |
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Organophosphorus insecticides
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Common for suicides.
Malathion or parathion |
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Carbonate insecticides
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Carbaryl
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Herbicides
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most are safe to humans because they work on plant receptors.
But paraquat is bad. You recover from it but then you get fibrosis in the lungs from the recovery. Bleomycin also causes fibrosis of the lungs. |
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Chlorinated pollutants
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PCBs
Dioxins - e.g. Agent Orange DDT and its metabolites. |
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Chelators (old ones)
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Old ones are not water soluble. They need to be injected or IV
Dimercaprol (arsenic, mercury, lead) Edetate calcium disodium (lead) Deferoxamine (iron) |
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Chelators (new ones)
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water-sol. can be used outpt or noninvasively
Unithiol (arsenic or mercury) Succimer (lead) Deferasirox (iron) Penicillamine (copper) |
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Special thing about iron chelators
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they are pretty specific for only iron
(deferasirox - water sol and deferoxamine - fat sol) |
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main heavy metal to worry about in US
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methyl mercury (espec in utero). it is an organometal so chelators do nothing.
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main heavy metal to worry about in world
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lead
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Some very toxic thigns
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note - this is not hazard (accounts for how available it is and how easy to get it and all that...)
dioxin (agent orange), botulinum toxin |
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toxicity, hazard and risk are all...
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functions of more than just the chemical.
must worry about rt of exposure, acute/chronic exposure, single or multiple agents. |
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Hazard concerns...
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the use of a chemical
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risk concerns...
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probability of a bad outcome once you have the chemical in you.
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iron supplmenets
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weakly toxic but high hazard and high risk of death.
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tetrodotoxin (in puffer fish)
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highly toxic with controlled hazard so low risk.
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threshold limit value
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a Value in occupational exposure
exposure without consequence when exposed for 8 hrs a day 5 days a week. (has short-term exposure limits and 8 hour exposure limits as well) |
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acceptable daily intake
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a value in environmental exposure
daily intake without appreciable risk divided by a safety factor. |
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Biomagnification - agent must be...
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chemically stable
resistant to metabolic degradation highly lipid soluble. greatest concern in aquatic food webs. |
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Issue with benzene and toluene
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common
neuro and BM toxicity (displace oxygen) chemical pneumonitis sick building syndrome. |
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Gasoline
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highly toxic if in lungs, but not a big deal if GI tract.
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Pesticides
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DDT - cheap, pretty safe. the solvent is probably the issue. Great for malaria.
Dioxin - Contam in agent orange. not certain if this was really an issue.... it bioaccumulates though. |
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Chelators in general
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SEs include allergic rxns.
Nitrogens and carbonyls form a cage around the cations. Body no longer sees the metal and excretes it. Better for acute exposure. Organometals are not chelated. Not very specific (can chelate essential minerals) Will not reverse toxic consequences. |
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Autism
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hoax that mercury causes it.
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Pharmakin and dynamics help predict....
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properties of suspected toxicant.
proper time frame until disease dose that would be toxic other explanations for illness. |
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CO
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CO replaces O2 on hemoglobin and it tightly bound and not delivered to the tissues that need it.
Sx are fonrtal HA, imparied judgement, confusion, coma, sz, hypotension, resp failure, death. (in order of carboxyhemoglobin level) |
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Common sources of CO
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motor vehicle exhaust
spillage from appliances (incl portable generators) building fires forklift trucks zambonis |
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Low-level exposures of CO are commonly mistaken for...
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viral illness
depression chronic fatigue syndrome migraine. |
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How to dx CO poisoning
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elevated COHb levels.
CNS damage is often not resolved/reversed. |
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Half-life of COHb
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about 5 hours.
Tx in severe poisoning it with 100% O2 because it decreases the half life. |
