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198 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Benjamin Franklin
This was a printer, scientist and inventor who helped write both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.
Boston Massacre
This was an event that occurred on Monday, March 5, 1770 that helped spark the American Revolution.
Boston Tea Party
This was a political protest by Boston, Massachusetts residents against the British parliament partly in response to the 1765 stamp act.
Colonization
This is the act, by a militarily strong country, of invading and taking over the sovereignty of another area.
Columbian Exchange
This was the enormously widespread transfer of agricultural goods between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres that occurred after 1492.
Conquistadores
These are Spanish explorers who conquered native American cultures.
French And Indian War
Battles between France and England in the new world resulting in the loss of all French possessions.
House of Burgesses
This was the first representative government in North America located in Virginia.
Jamestown
This was the first permanent English colony in the New World.
Lexington and Concord
Battles where first shots of American Revolution were fired.
Mayflower Compact
This was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony, signed by the Pilgrims in November of 1620.
Protestant Reformation
This was begun by Martin Luther in 1517, it attacked the beliefs of Catholicism.
Samuel Adams
This was an American revolutionary who led the Boston Tea Party.
St. Augustine
This was the oldest continually occupied European settlement in North America. It was founded on August 28, 1565, by the Spanish.
Alexander Hamilton
He was a “founding father and author of the Federalist Papers, the first Secretary of the Treasury, and the architect of the first fiscal plan for the United States after the ratification of the Constitution. However, he is most popular for losing a duel with Aaron Burr that eventually cost him his life.
Articles of Confederation
The first government of the United States was based on this, which was created in 1777.
Bill of Rights
This is the first ten amendments to the constitution, generally directed at protecting the individual from abuse of power by the national government.
Black Codes
Special laws passed by southern state governments immediately after the Civil War. They were designed to control former slaves, and to subvert the intent of the Thirteenth Amendment.
Constitutional Convention
This is the 1787 meeting at which the Constitution of the United States was debated and agreed upon.
Elastic Clause
This is a statement in the U.S. Constitution granting Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers.
Federalism
This system of government has powers divided between the central government and regional governments, with central government being supreme.
Federalist Papers
This was a series of Articles written to persuade New York to ratify the Constitution.
Great Awakening
This was a religious revival that promised the grace of God to all who could experience a desire for it.
Great Compromise
At the Constitutional Convention in 1787, this deal used parts of the “Virginia” plan and the “New Jersey” plan to create a Congress with 2 houses, one with representation based population and one with representation being equal.
Jim Crow Laws
Laws requiring that facilities and accommodations, public and private, be segregated by race.
John Locke
This was a British philosopher who argued that governments only purpose was to protect man’s natural rights.
John Marshall
This was the “Great Chief Justice,” he presided over the case of Marbury v. Madison and was remembered as the principal founder of the U.S. system of constitutional law.
Judicial Review
This is the power of a court to review a law or an official act of a government employee or agent for constitutionality or for the violation of basic principles of justice.
Magna Carta
This was the Great Charter of English liberty granted (under considerable duress) by King John at Runnymede on June 15, 1215.
Montesquieu
This was a French judge who developed a number of political theories in his Spirit of the Laws.
Mayflower Compact
This was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony, signed by the Pilgrims in November of 1620.
Protestant Reformation
This was begun by Martin Luther in 1517, it attacked the beliefs of Catholicism.
Samuel Adams
This was an American revolutionary who led the Boston Tea Party.
St. Augustine
This was the oldest continually occupied European settlement in North America. It was founded on August 28, 1565, by the Spanish.
Alexander Hamilton
He was a “founding father and author of the Federalist Papers, the first Secretary of the Treasury, and the architect of the first fiscal plan for the United States after the ratification of the Constitution. However, he is most popular for losing a duel with Aaron Burr that eventually cost him his life.
Articles of Confederation
The first government of the United States was based on this, which was created in 1777.
Bill of Rights
This is the first ten amendments to the constitution, generally directed at protecting the individual from abuse of power by the national government.
Black Codes
Special laws passed by southern state governments immediately after the Civil War. They were designed to control former slaves, and to subvert the intent of the Thirteenth Amendment.
Constitutional Convention
This is the 1787 meeting at which the Constitution of the United States was debated and agreed upon.
Elastic Clause
This is a statement in the U.S. Constitution granting Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers.
Second Continental Congress
This convened in May of 1775, drafted the “Olive Branch Petition” 2 months later, and eventually drafted the Declaration of Independence over a year later.
Separation Of Powers
This is the policy that the law making, executive, and judicial powers be held by different groups and people.
Social Contract Theory
This is an agreement between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each.
Sons of Liberty
This group of Patriots was formed in 1765 and urged colonial resistance to the Stamp Act using any means available… even violence.
Common Sense
Written by Thomas Paine in early 1776, it said that continued American loyalty to Britain would be absurd, and independence was the only rational thing for colonists to do.
Marbury v. Madison
This was the first decision of the Supreme Court of the United States to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional, thus establishing the doctrine of judicial review.
Abolitionists
People who fought for emancipation of the slaves and to end the slave trade.
Alien and Sedition Acts
Passed in 1798, these laws were supposed to “protect” the U.S. from foreign people looking to spread the chaos of the French Revolution and from subversive or terroristic acts.
Dorthea Dix
This was a U.S. social reformer on behalf of the mentally ill.
Edgar Allen Poe
This was a U.S. author and poet whose stories are famous for the cultivation of mystery and the macabre.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
This was a U.S. social reformer and womens suffrage leader.
Emily Dickinson
This was a reclusive U.S. female who is regarded as one of the greatest American poets.
Era of Good Feelings
This is the time during which the nation was free from the influence of European political and military events.
Frederick Douglass
This was a U.S. abolitionist who founded the North Star.
Ft. McHenry
This was a battle of the War of 1812, during its bombing the Star Spangled Banner was written.
Gold Rush
This was a rapid influx of fortune seekers to Sutters Mill in California in 1849.
Harriet Beacher Stowe
This was a U.S. philanthropist who wrote Uncle Toms Cabin.
Impressments
This was the practice of the British Navy to stop U.S. ships on the open ocean and force crewmen into British naval service.
Indian Removal Act
This granted tribes unsettled western prairie land in exchange for their territories within state borders, mainly in the Southeast.
John Marshall
This was the “Great Chief Justice,” he presided over the case of Marbury v. Madison and was remembered as the principal founder of the U.S. system of constitutional law.
Land Ordinance
This was passed by congress to raise money through the sale of land in the largely unmapped territory west of the original colonies acquired from Britain.
Lewis and Clark
These explorers ventured into the Louisiana Territory in 1803 and became the first U.S. citizens to navigate their way westward to the Pacific Ocean.
Louisiana Purchase
This was a territory in the western U.S. bought from France for $15 million.
Manifest Destiny
This was the concept of U.S. territorial expansion westward to the Pacific Ocean seen as a divine right.
Mexican War
Battles between U.S. and Mexico over the southern Texas border.
Miriam Webster
This was a U.S. lexicographer and writer.
Missouri Compromise
This was a congressional agreement of 1820 which included the admission of one free and one slave state to maintain the balance of free and slave states in the Union.
Monroe Doctrine
This was an announcement that the American continents were not subjects for future colonization by any European country.
Mormon Trail
This was a 1200 mile route from Illinois to Salt Lake City Utah.
Nat Turner
He attempted to lead a slave revolt in Virginia in 1838, and though it was unsuccessful (he was executed for his violence), his actions represented a change in tone in the abolition movement.
National Road
Construction on this began in 1811 and was the first federally funded turnpike in the United States.
Nationalism
Loyalty and devotion to one’s country.
New Orleans
This was a Battle during the War of 1812 fought after it ended, this paved the way for Andrew Jackson to presidency.
Northwest Ordinance
This was an Act of Continental Congress which initially organized the first United States territory and was to be the basis for governing how the United States would expand westward.
Nullification
This was the principle that a state government can declare a law of the national government invalid within the borders of the state.
Oregon Trail
This was a major U.S. route from Missouri to the Northwest in the 19th century.
Paul Revere
This was an American silversmith who warned of the advance of the British on Lexington and Concord.
Sacagawea
This Shonone Indian girl was an invaluable guide to Lewis and Clark on their trek West.
Saratoga
This was a Battle which marked the turning point in the American Revolution.
Seneca Falls Declaration
This was crafted during a rally for women’s rights in upstate New York in 1848, and asserted that women deserved the same rights as men, rights which were guaranteed in both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.
Spoils System
This was the practice by political parties of rewarding partisans and workers after winning an election.
Susan B. Anthony
This was a Women’s suffrage pioneer who also urged for emancipation.
Temperance
This was a belief that alcohol consumption should be controlled through moderation and abstinence.
Territorial Expansion
This was the purchase of lands by U.S. government west of the Mississippi river to enlarge borders.
Trail Of Tears
This was the forced migration of the Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma in 1838–39.
Treaty Of Paris, 1783
This was a document which formally ended the American Revolutionary War.
Underground Railroad
This was a system of secret “safe-houses” and hiding places to aid runaway slaves escape.
Utopia
This was an ideal commonwealth whose inhabitants exist under seemingly perfect conditions.
Valley Forge
This was the site of the headquarters of the Continental Army under George Washington during American Revolution.
Walt Whitman
His revolutionary poetry dealt with extremely private experiences and celebrated the collective experience of an idealized democratic American life.
William Lloyd Garrison
This was a U.S. Journalist who founded the radical newspaper The Liberator, and fought to abolish slavery.
XYZ Affair
This name was given to a period of diplomatic tension between the U.S. and France in 1797. France demanded the U.S. pay “tribute” to French diplomats before negotiations between the nations to begin.
Yorktown
This was the site of Cornwallis's surrender in the American Revolution.
Dred Scott Decision
This was a 1857 Supreme Court decision that a slave, because he was not a citizen, could not sue for his freedom..
Andrew Johnson
This politician from Tennessee became President following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, later becoming the first President to be impeached (he was found not guilty).
Black Codes
Special laws passed by southern state governments immediately after the Civil War. They were designed to control former slaves, and to subvert the intent of the Thirteenth Amendment.
Carpetbaggers
People who moved to the South during or following the Civil War and became active in politics, they helped to bring Republican control of southern state governments during Reconstruction and were bitterly resented by most white Southerners.
Civil War
This was the war between the North and South in the United States (1861-1865), also known as the War Between the States.
Compromise of 1850
This was an agreement that California would be admitted to the Union, the slave trade in the District of Columbia would be restricted, and the Fugitive Slave Law would be enforced.
Compromise of 1877
This was the solution to the contested Presidential election of 1876 and furthermore brought an end to the period of Reconstruction following the Civil War.
Confederacy
This was the group of southern states that seceded from the United States from 1860-1865.
Emancipation Proclamation
This was an order issued during the Civil War by President Lincoln ending slavery in the Confederate states.
Ft. Sumter
Fort located in Charleston, South Carolina harbor, that was perhaps where the first shots of the United States Civil War were fired.
Fugitive Slave Act
This was the Act that mandated the return of runaway slaves, regardless of where in the Union they might be situated at the time of their discovery or capture.
Gettysburg Address
This was a 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1863) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg.
Homestead Act
Legislation passed in 1862 allowing any citizen or applicant for citizenship over 21 years old and head of a family to acquire 160 acres of public land by living on it and cultivating it for five years.
Jefferson Davis
This politician from Mississippi was once Secretary of War for President Franklin Pierce, thought he is more known for being the first and only President of the Confederate States of America.
Jim Crow Laws
Laws requiring that facilities and accommodations, public and private, be segregated by race.
John Brown's Raid
On October 16, 1859, 22 armed men took 60 prominent locals of Harper’s Ferry hostage and seized the town's United States arsenal and its rifle works to spark a rebellion of freed slaves and to lead an army of emancipation.
Kansas Nebraska Act
In 1854 Stephen A. Douglas introduced this to the Senate, to allow states to enter the Union with or without slavery.
Morrill Land Grant Act
Pieces of U.S. legislation which allowed for the creation of universities which would be funded by the grant of federally-controlled land to each of the states.
New South
This was the term given to the reconstruction of southern states after the Civil War.
Scalawags
Native white Southern politicians who joined the Republican party after the war and advocated the acceptance of and compliance with congressional Reconstruction.
Secession
This was the withdrawal of eleven Southern states from the Union in 1860 which precipitated the American Civil War.
Sherman's March to the Sea
This was a military campaign embarked upon by the United States Army in late 1864 which destroyed property along a wide swath south from Atlanta to the Atlantic Ocean in order to punish the Confederates for starting the war.
Ulysses S. Grant
This Union General made a name for himself at the siege at Vicksburg, though he later defeated Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia to end the Civil War.
Plessy v. Ferguson
This was a U.S. Supreme Court decision that established the legality of racial segregation so long as facilities were “separate but equal.”
Agrarian
Society based on farming.
Andrew Carnegie
This Scottish-born American industrialist made his fortune in the steel industry.
Antitrust
These are laws and regulations designed to protect trade and commerce from unfair business practices.
Atlanta Compromise
This was the classic statement on race relations by Booker T. Washington, made in a speech at the Atlanta Exposition (1895). He asserted that vocational education, which gave blacks a chance for economic security, was more valuable than social equality or political office.
Booker T. Washington
This was a U.S. educator and reformer. He became perhaps the most prominent African American leader of his time.
Buffalo Soldiers
This is the nickname given to black soldiers with the U.S. Cavalry who helped to spread the U.S. westward in the decades following the Civil War.
Chinese Exclusion Act
This law, passed in 1882, forbade any laborers from China to enter the United States for 10 years.
Communication Revolution
New technologies that helped spur and contribute to the westward expansion and Industrial Revolution.
Conservation Movement
This was an American invention of John Audubon and others who wished to protect natural habitat from man in the 19th century. They lobbied consistently for parks and human exclusion from the wild.
Eighteenth Amendment
This amendment prohibited the sale and use of alcoholic beverages.
Federal Reserve
This is the central banking authority in the United States, which supervises commercial banks by monitoring accounts and controlling interest rates.
George Custer
U.S. Cavalry General whose unwise and reckless conduct got him and over 200 soldier of the Seventh Cavalry killed at the Battle of Little Big Horn
Ghost Dance
A Native American movement in the 1890s that believed a ritualistic ceremony would result in the reanimation of Indian dead and the defeat of the white invaders into the West.
Gospel of Wealth
This was the hypothesis that wealth was the great end and aim of man, the one thing needful.
Grangers
This was a group of American farmers who united in the late 19th century to lobby Congress to pass laws protecting them from unfair business practices of large industry.
Horatio Alger
This was a United States author of inspirational adventure stories for boys; virtue and hard work overcome poverty.
Industrial Revolution
This was a series of economic & mechanical changes of Western Europe in the 18th - 20th centuries.
Jane Addams
She was a founder of Hull House, a settlement house that helped immigrants of the late 19th century become acclimated to life in the United States, and was a pioneer in the field of social work.
John D. Rockefeller
The New York industrialist who made hundreds of millions of dollars in the 19th century with this Standard Oil Company and pioneered the corporate strategy of vertical integration.
Labor Union
This is an organization of workers that negotiates with employers for better pay, benefits, and working conditions.
Laissez-faire
French term which means allow to do, the philosophy that government should stay out of the market
Monopoly
This is a when one company controls the market for a certain product, there is no competition.
Muckrakers
This group of authors and journalists wrote of horrible working conditions in American industry in the early 20th century, resulting in more governmental protection of workers.
NAACP
This is the oldest and largest U.S. civil rights organization. Members of this have referred to it as The National Association.
Nativism
In the late 19th century, this political and social movement swept through the United States, its followers believing that all people who were not born in the U.S. and were of European heritage should be banned from the country.
Niagara Movement
This was an organization of black intellectuals led by W.E.B. Du Bois calling for full political, civil, and social rights for black Americans.
Nineteenth Amendment
This amendment gave women the right to vote.
Populist
This was the movement that advocated state control of railroads and currency expansion.
Progressive Movement
This was a political reform movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to protect working class citizens.
Robber Barons
American capitalists of the latter part of the 19th century who became wealthy through exploitation (as of natural resources, governmental influence, or low wage scales).
Seventeenth Amendment
This amendment provided for the direct election of U.S. senators.
Sixteenth Amendment
This amendment made personal income tax permanent..
Social Darwinism
This was the theory that people are subject to natural selection and wealth was a sign of superiority.
Theodore Roosevelt
This was a 26th President of the United States; hero of the Spanish-American War; Panama canal was built during his administration; said `Speak softly but carry a big stick` (1858-1919). He was considered by many to be the nation's first conservation President.
Thomas Edison
Known as the “Wizard of Menlo Park,” he is famous for his hundred of inventions, including the incandescent light bulb, phonograph, the Dictaphone, and hundreds of others.
Urbanization
This is a rise in a society's city population.
Woodrow Wilson
28th President of the United States; led the United States in World War I and secured the formation of the League of Nations (1856-1924).
Flappers
The nickname given to women of the 1920s who wore their dresses short, their hair shorter, and lived a very active social life.
Great Depression
This was a period of global economic crisis that lasted from 1929 to 1939. There was widespread poverty and high unemployment.
Harlem Renaissance
This was the period during 1920’s of outstanding creativity centered in New York's black ghetto.
Ku Klux Klan
This was a secret society organized in the South after the Civil War to reassert white supremacy by means of terrorism.
Margaret Sanger
This was a U.S. obstetrical nurse who fought for birth control rights for women.
Mobilization
This is an organization of a nation's armed forces for active military service in time of war or other national emergency.
Open Door Policy
This is a U.S. foreign policy that all countries should have equal access with China.
Panama Canal
This connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through Central America.
Prohibition
This was the outlawing of the sale, production, or transportation of alcoholic beverages.
Racism
This is a belief that some races are innately superior to others.
Red Scare
This was the period after WWI which saw massive upheaval in the U.S. and fear of many foreigners. It was characterized by widespread fears of Communist influence on U.S. society and Communist infiltration of the U.S. government.
Roosevelt Corollary
This policy reasserted the U.S. position as protector of the Western Hemisphere.
Rough Riders
This was a regiment in the Spanish-American War organized and led by Theodore Roosevelt that included cowboys, miners, policemen, and college athletes.
Sacco and Vanzetti Case
This was a murder trial in Massachusetts in 1920 which stirred national emotion about the death of two Italian immigrants. Some feel they were victims of the Red Scare of 1919 and 1920. They were known to the authorities as radical militants who had been widely involved in the anarchist movement, labor strikes, political agitation, and anti-war propaganda. They believed themselves to be victims of social and political prejudice.
Social Darwinism
This was the theory that people are subject to natural selection and wealth was a sign of superiority.
Spanish American War
This was a conflict in which the U.S. gained many island territories, especially Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
Treaty of Versailles
This was an international agreement signed in 1919 that ended WWI.
WC Handy
This was a Memphis bandleader who added blues to ragtime and influenced popular music. He is often described as "The Father of the Blues."
Yellow Journalism
This was the use of sensationalized news in newspaper publishing to attract readers and increase circulation.
Atomic Bomb
This was the nuclear weapon used by the U.S. to force Japan to surrender during WWII.
Zelda Fitzgerald
This was a prolific female artist and writer from Alabama.
Adolph Hitler
This was the totalitarian leader of Nazi Germany during World War II.
Allied Powers
These were the nations united against the Axis during World War II.
Axis
This was the nuclear weapon used by the U.S. to force Japan to surrender during WWII.
Benito Mussolini
He was a leader of Italy during World War II and ally to Adolph Hitler. He created a fascist state through the use of state terror and propaganda.
Bonus Army
During the Great Depression (specifically 1932), this group of veterans protested in Washington, D.C., to receive their “bonus” for fighting in World War I, though payment was not required until the next decade.
CCC
This was a New Deal programs established to relieve unemployment during the Great Depression by providing national conservation work primarily for young unmarried men.
Douglas MacArthur
This was a United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II; he accepted the surrender of Japan (1880-1964).
Dust Bowl
This was the term given to the area of the Great Plains that was most greatly affected during the Great Drought of the 1930's.
Dwight Eisenhower
This was a United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany; 34th President of the United States (1890-1961).
Fair Labor Standards Act
This was an act passed by Congress that established standards for minimum wages, overtime pay, child labor, and required payroll record keeping.
FDIC
This was a federally sponsored corporation which insures deposits in national banks and certain other qualifying financial institutions up to a stated amount.
Great Depression
This was a period of global economic crisis that lasted from 1929 to 1939. There was widespread poverty and high unemployment.
Holocaust
This was the act of genocide carried out by Germany on the Jewish population of Europe.
Marshall Plan
Following World War II, this called for giving away billions of dollars in aid to help rebuild war-torn Europe, with the purpose of creating a viable trading partner and post-war allies.
Munich Conference
This was a meeting of European countries which led to, through appeasement, the surrender of Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany.
New Deal
This was the programs and policies to promote economic recovery and social reform introduced during the 1930's by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
NLRB
This was a U. S. government agency charged with administering the National Labor Relations Act (1935).
Normandy Invasion
Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of western Europe that began on June 6, 1944.
Social Security
This is a federal government program that provides income support to people who are unemployed, disabled, or over the age of 65.
Speculation
This is a buying a commodity such as land or stock with the intention of selling it later when the price goes up.
TVA
Created by Congress as one of the major public-works projects of the New Deal, this built a system of dams in the southeast.
Winston Churchill
This was a British statesman and leader during World War II.
WPA
Created in 1935 under the New Deal, it aimed to stimulate the economy during the Great Depression and preserve the skills and self-respect of unemployed persons by providing them useful work.