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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fourmajor functional theories of urban BB]
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1. Hydraulic theories which emphasize surplusproduction;2. Economic theories which centre around trade;3. Military theories which focus on defence; and4. Religious theories which advocate the importance ofreligion, role of priests, and territorial allegiance.
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Hydraulic theories whichemphasize B]
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surplus productionBB]
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Economic theories whichcentre ��]���
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around trade;B]
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Military theories whichfocus on BB]
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defence; andB]
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Religious theories whichadvocate the importance of �B���]�
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1. role of priests, and territorial allegiance.�B�r�]xl��
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different urban researchers�B���]���
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Max Weber (1958), Paul Wheatley (1971),Robert Redfield (1947), Louis Writh (1938) and Gordon Childe (1950).�B���]�"��
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Max Weber's (1958)conceptualization B]
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trade-commercial relations.�B���]���
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The other features that Weberassociates with the city are:�B���]�,��
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· fortification for defence· presence of a market· coast, and· partial independence
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The main problem with thisconceptualization is that it pni-g02].
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excluded all Orientalcities. t].
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According to Weber (1958),urbanism was only a ].
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a Western phenomenonent-].
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The conceptualizations asput forward by Wheatley (1971), Redfield (1947) and Writh (1938) tend to stress
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the functional differencesbetween rural and urban communities.
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The common element of allthree definitions
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is social stratification. /body>+�] �
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The characteristic features of citiesthat differentiate them from rural centres are:
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· the presence of a literate population;· movement from familial association tomore individualism;· focus on political and administrativestructures;· depersonalisation;· the presence of legal institutions,and;· a marked degree of hetrogenity.bH]Cq
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these advocates did notconsider factors d)]"
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like population size,technology, soil characteristics, and the availability of irrigation whichcould facilitate surplus production and thereby allow for occupationalspecialization.
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Childe (1950) who suggestednine characteristics which he considered to be essential in defining a city: for oc]
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size, function and composition, publicbuildings, taxation, trade, records, the development of exact sciences,artistic expression, and leadership.
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was considered to beimportant in distinguishing between a village and a city. The city of Ur inSumer (southern Iraq) had a population of 30,000. City size was largelydetermined by the availability ofsurplus food.t-font-]6
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Size of population e and]
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Childe (1950) classifiedthe population into agriculturists and non - agriculturalists. The latter groupwas engaged in specialised functions. Each of the early civilizations, (Sumer,Egypt, and Indus) had religious buildings, such as ziggurats temples andpyramids, which means that they required priests who were involved inspecialized tasks.y>]%
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Functionand Compositionwas ]
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Cities were distinguishedfrom earlier villages by the presence of
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PublicBuildingsbody>��]�
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The earliest publicbuildings were >]
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temples. In Mesopotamia, important public buildings were temples, in Egypt temples and pyramids were used as burial places for the Pharaohs, while in the Indus Valley granaries were used to store surplus food
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As people in the earlycivilisations were released from agriculture, taxes were needed to
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1. were needed to secure their food.�D�]Nz��
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Early cities with surplusagricultural production were associated with ]
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TradedF]
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As urban population levelsincreased and trade began, there was an inherent need to keep
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to keep records. This ledto the invention of scripts. Each civilisation had its own characters whichinitially took the form of pictographs and were later replaced by symbols.
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The emergence of scriptshelped the recording of subjects like geometry, arithmetic and astronomy. were]
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Developmentof Exact Sciences
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ArtisticExpressionlin��]�
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The specialisation ofactivities meant that there were more opportunities for sculptors, sealengravers, and painters. Pottery was one of the major developments.t-fam]>
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Urbanization brings about aneed for political ]
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Leadershipml>]
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Childe (1950) defines acity to be the product of
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of revolution which wasassociated with a new economic stage in the evolution of a society. B]
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The urban revolutionbrought changes within social organization and economic structure which in turnled to an increased B]9
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number of urbaninhabitants.B]
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explanation, put forward byWoolley (1963), emphasizes surplus production and suggests that ideal soil andclimatic conditions allow for surplus which mark the beginning of civilization.It is also suggested that surplus production calls for the use of irrigationwater which brings about the need for an administrative systemBB]#
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HydraulicTheoriesB]+
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Surplus may be of two types:B](
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Biological Surplus B]Surplus Value
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refers to the creation ofsurplus through human resourcefulness.
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Surplus Value es].
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· refers to production in excess of overthe essential amount requiremed to sustain life, and(]"
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Biological Surplus 5.
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The second explanationviews the city (firstly) to be the product of B]
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of long-distance trade and(secondly) as a market which helps the process of exchangeB]
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EconomicTheoriesB]+
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According to Jane Jacobs(1969), cities began as trade posts, became functionally specialized andfinally urbanized. But the major problems associated with such an explanationwere that many cities did not emerge as trading centres and that the exchangeof goods may not necessarily bring social and economic changes.BB]"
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The origin of many citieshas been attributed to religious or defence purposes. Thus the economicexplanation cannot be applied were]:
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all cities.s or ]
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Many of the early cities, suchas Catal Huyuk and Babylonia, were characterised by walls which ].
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protected people fromexternal danger
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According to the advocates of thisexplanation, it was the need for protection that induced the concentration ofpopulation and promoted craft specialization.)�]"X�.
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Military TheoriesB]+
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It is the surplus that ledto the creation of theB��B���]�
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the working and rulingclasses]Therefore, the establishmentof cities meant that there was a need for defence or strong points]Z
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The last theory which viewsthe city as a temple, was used to explain the origin of early cities. Z
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ReligiousTheories
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ReligiousTheories argued that priests ligi&],Z
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priests played a prominent role by protectingpeople, representing the initial specialization of economic activity, andstoring surplus production. However, religion alone cannot be used to explainthe origin of cities.
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Before the Christian Era,early urban development occurred in six major world regions e]Z
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Mesopotama, the Nile Valley(Egypt), the Indus Valley, Mediterranean Europe (Greek and Roman cities), andthe Huang-Ho (or Yellow River) Valley. reli��]�<�Z
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. It is argued that cities were initially developed in
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developed in Mesopotamia and Egypt thereafter spread eastwards to Indiaand China, westwards into Europe, and finally into the Americas.rigin��]�2�Z
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· stages,· physical features,· functional changes,· enlargement, and· continuous growth
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of basic elements relatedto urban evolution th%]/Z
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refer to the purpose forwhich cities were built.
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Stages En��]� �Z
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continue to persist inspite of the fact that the cities have advanced.
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Physical features
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As the cities grow they areassociated with $=]$Z
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functional changes whichin turn may change the physical form
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a key feature and, unlessaffected by disaster or plagues (as evident during the Middle Ages), cities
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Enlargementident &],Z
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Classificationof CitieshfIeZXi�]c,�b
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Pre-conceived City lassiI]CbOrganic City tmlH]Bb
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- a planned city designedfrom the initial stage 7]%b
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Pre-conceived City n styI]Cb
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Organic City - lH]Bb
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A. a city which is developed and continues to grow ina natural manner.
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1. Land Assignment2. Connection3. Technology4. Capital Accumulation5. Speculation and Planning6. Segregation and Congregation]5
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GeneralProcess of Urban Morphogenesisf�]l-�b
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According to Vance (1990),the process of urban morphogenesis refers paC]Ib
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the creation and changeswithin a city. ment-->D]Nb
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The changes may be broughtabout byml>G]Mb
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competing land use,importance of transport which allowed inhabitants to be associated withincreased journey-to-work which was difficult prior to the IndustrialRevolution.t�]~?�b
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