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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Present tense endings
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ich - e
du - st er - t wir - en ihr - t Sie/sie - en |
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Present perfect - haben or sein?
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haben - direct objects or reflexive verbs
sein - all intransitive verbs, sein, bleiben, motion, change of state, happenings, failure, success |
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Participle formation: weak verbs
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ge + stem + t
-ieren verbs are usually weak; if they have >1 syllable, there is no ge- prefix |
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Participle formation: strong verbs
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ge + stem change + n
important activities (essen, trinken, sprechen, gehen, schlafen) |
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Simple past formation: weak verbs
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-t(e) +
ich - e du - est er - e wir - en ihr - et Sie/sie - en |
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Simple past: strong verbs
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stem change, no -t(e) or ich/er/sie/es ending
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Simple past: irregular verbs
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vowel change
otherwise weak |
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Past perfect formation
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simple past haben/sein + participle
used with another past tense to indicate an event further in the past |
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Future formation
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werden + main verb infinitive
used with another past tense to indicate an event further in the past |
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Future perfect formation
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[conjugated werden 2nd position] + [past participle main verb] + [sein/haben infinitive]
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Passive voice formation
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ich - werde
du - wirst er - wird wir - werden ihr - werdet Sie/sie - werden + past participle |
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Subjunctive I formation
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Present: stem (no change) + e, est, e, en, et, en; sein has no ich/er/sie/es ending
Past: subjunctive I haben/sein + past participle Future: regular future but werden is subjunctive I |
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Subjunctive II formation
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würde form
Present: weaks are identical to simple past; strongs take umlauts + e, est, e, en, et, en Past: subjunctive II haben/sein + past participle |
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Modals
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Present: dürfen (a); können (a); mögen (a); müssen (u); sollen; wollen (i)
Simple past: no umlaut; mögen: mochte; te, test, te, ten, tet, ten Perfect tenses: w/ haben + gedurft, gekonnt, gemocht, gemusst, gesollt, gewollt No difference between simple past/perfect meanings |
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Imperatives
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du: stem; add e if stem ends in d, t, or m/n preceded by a consonant that isn't l or r. a stem change from e -> i still occurs.
ihr: same as normal, pronoun omitted Sie: same as normal, always followed by pronoun Sie wir: same as Sie sein: sei, seid, seien Sie, seien wir |
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Present tense uses
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continuing past action
schon + accusative time expressions (schon) seit + dative |
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Simple past uses
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narrative past, actions events taken place in the past
simple past of haben/sein/modals preferred to present perfect du/ihr forms rarely used |
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Past perfect uses
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not for sequences of events
independent clauses beginning with nachdem always w/ another past tense to indicate events occurring further in the past |
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Future tense uses
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used sparingly but favored for:
intent/assumption states/actions in the relatively distant future distinguishing present/future wohl/schon for present possibility |
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Future perfect uses
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will have happened (using bis)
has already happened (probability using wohl/schon) |
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Subjunctive I uses
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indirect discourse
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Subjunctive II uses
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conditional
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Accusative uses
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direct object
verbs of motion distance covered (prefixes ent and nach) measure, amount greetings wishes "es gibt" glauben (with things) |
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Dative uses
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indirect objects
dative object verbs glauben (with people) |
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Accusative prepositions
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bis, durch, für, gegen, ohne, um, wider (against)
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Dative prepositions
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aus, außer, bei, gegenüber, mit, nach, seit, von, zu
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Two-way prepositions
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an, auf, hinter, in, neben, entlang, über, unter, vor, zwischen
Accusative: motion Dative: location |
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Accusative: adjectives with prepositional compliments
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an: gewôhnt (accustomed to)
auf: böse (angry at); gespannt; neidisch (jealous/envious of); neugierig (questioning/inquiring about); stolz (proud of); verrückt (crazy about); wütend (mad at) |
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Dative: adjectives with prepositional compliments
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an: arm/reich, interessiert
nach: durstig/hungrig, verrückt (crazy) von: abhängig, begeistert, überzeugt vor: blass, sicher zu: bereit, fähig |
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Genitive prepositions
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(an)statt: instead of
trotz: in spite of während: during wegen: because of, on account of |
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Genitive adjectives
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sich (dat) bewusst: conscious of/aware of
gewiss: certain of müde: tired of (un)schuldig: (not) guilty of wert: worth, worthy of |
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Participle stem changes
I - A - O |
beginnen
gewinnen schwimmen |
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Participle stem changes
I - A - U |
binden
finden singen sinken springen trinken gelingen (to succeed) klingen (to sound) verschwinden (to disappear) zwingen (to force) |
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Participle stem changes
I - A - E |
bitten
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Participle stem changes
I - U |
wissen
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Participle stem changes
IE - O |
fliegen
biegen (to bend) bieten (to offer) fliehen (to flee) fleßen (to flow) frieren (to freeze) genießen (to enjoy) gießen (to pour) riechen (to smell) schieben (to shove, push) schießen (to shoot) verlieren (to lose) ziehen (to pull, draw; w/ sein: to go, move) |
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Participle stem changes
E - A - O |
nehmen
sprechen brechen (to break) empfehlen (to recommend) stehlen (to steal) sterben (to die) treffen (to meet, hit the target) werfen (to throw) |
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Participle stem changes
E - A |
denken
kennen rennen brennen (to burn) nennen (to name, call) |
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Participle stem changes
E - U - O |
werden
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Participle stem changes
EI - I |
beißen
gleichen leiden pfeifen scheiden greifen (to grip, seize) reißen (to tear) reiten (to ride on an animal) |
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Participle stem changes
EI - IE |
bleiben
schreiben leihen (to lend) schreien (to shout, scream) schweigen (to be silent) steigen (to climb, rise) treiben (to drive cattle, pursue an activity) |
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Participle stem changes
U - A Ü - O |
tun - tat- getan
lügen (to tell a lie) |
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Masculine nouns
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Days, months, seasons
Nouns referring to people ending in er Points on the compass Map locations, winds Precipitation Agents, occupations, nationality Names, of cars, trains Nouns ending in ismus, ner Alcoholic drinks Lakes and mountains Atmospheric elements ending in -stoff Rivers outside Europe |
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Feminine nouns
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Nouns ending in: heit, keit, tät, ung, schaft, ie, ik, (e, in, ei)*
Borrowed foreign nouns ending in: ade, age, anz, enz, ette, ine, ion, tor Names of aircraft, ships, motorbikes, flowers and trees Cardinal numbers |
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Neuter nouns
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Nouns ending in chen, lein, (o, nis)*
Geographic place names Young animals and people Metals Gerunds All but five chemical elements Young animals and people Fractions and decimals Names of hotels, cafes, theaters Colors as nouns Borrowed nouns ending in ment Nouns starting with Ge- |
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Noun declension
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Dative plurals end in -n
Genitive: Masculine nouns end in s or es They end in S if they are greater than one syllable They end in ES if they end in s, sch, ß, x, z If ending is nis --> nisses |
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Adjectives ending in der words or definite articles
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N - e, e, e, en
A - en, e, e, en D - en, en, en, en G - en, en, en, en |
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Adjectives ending in ein words or indefinite articles
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N - er, e, es, en
A - en, e, es, en D - en, en, en, en G - en, en, en, en |
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Unpreceded adjectives
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N - er, e, es, en
A - en, e, es, e D - em, er, em, en G - en, er, en, er |
