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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 motives for colonizing GA
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1. humanitarian and philanthropic 2. Imperial defense and desire to gain control of unsettled land 3. Mercantile: desire to acquire items not available in England.
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Visited Ga in his 1539 to 1542 explorations
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Hernando De Soto
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Interested in English prisons, chairman of Parliamentary committee on prison conditions.
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James Ogelthorpe
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imperial defense phase 2 parts
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to secure control of the debatable land btwn Carolina settlements and St. Augustine. Second: to secure from the spanish and french the trade of the southern indians
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Trustees
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set up the GA colony, had limited powers, could not be compensated. All appointees came from England
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Salzburgs
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German Protestants, settled in Ebenezer, social and political life was centered around the church.
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Ogelthorpe's favorite Georgia Residence
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Frederica, St. Simons Island
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War of Jenkin's Ear
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Ogelthorpe took offensive against the spanish. GA and Carolina and Indians. Seige of Ft. Augustine was unsuccessful. Battle of Bloody Marsh (Spanish were defeated) caused the Spanish not to attack GA again.
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Trustees making several social and economic experiements
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Each colonis was allowed 50 acres of land, 5 for house and garden in town and 45 out of town. Granted for life. No slaves were allowed and Prohibition. Most plants that were brought died before being planted. Focus on Wine and Silk (Salzburgs).
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Most profitable source of income for colonial GA
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timber, cattle raising and indian tribes.
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Originally Colonial GA was governed by
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President, 4 assistants who reside in Savannah
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The major difference from the Royal Colony of GA and others
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GA principal colonial officials were paid from England instead from the colonial assembly.
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GA first royal governor, not very popular by the use of quarter deck methods
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Captain John Reynolds
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2nd Royal Governor for 3 years
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Henry Ellis
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3rd and last royal governor. His long tenure, his ability and interest in the job, his personal interest in GA development made him very influential
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James Wright
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First group to settle in GA after the trustees left
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New England Puritans and settled in Midway, St. John's Parish
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Main crops of the earlier royal plantations
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Coast: rice Inland:indigo and wheat. Lumber, naval stores and deer skins
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Imports from West Indies, Northern Colonies and England
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Slaves, sugar, molasses and rum. Food and manufactured good from England.
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Gave Georgians a new sense of independence and sulf sufficiency
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Removal of French from LA, Spain from Florida, increasing population and settling of new lands.
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Sugar Act
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GA objected that new trade regulations would hurt her trade in lumber products with the West Indies
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Stamp Act
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GA objected but not as strong as other colonies. Amt of tax and because it was a tax imposed by parliament.
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Friends of Liberty
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met in Savannah. Oppose the Tonshend Acts but refusing to import British goods.
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Two Schools of though in regards to relations with Britain
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1: Older inhabitants or recent arrivals from Britain formed conservative group that went along with Britain. 2: Radical younger group who were born in American tended to go along with rights.
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Tondee's Tavern
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met two times to consider the critical state of American Affairs. Condemned actions of the British and upheld colonial opposition. Did not select reps to send to the 1st Continental Congress.
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Dr. Lyman Hall
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from St. John's Parish. Deputies from 4 parishes asked him to represent GA in the 1st Cont. Congress. He refused because the entire province had not acted.
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The representatives that were suppose to attend the 2nd Continental Congress
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Noble Jones, Archibald Bulloch and John Houstoun
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St. John Parish secession
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wanted to secede to S. Carolina but Carolina did not want a detached parish. Sent rice and money to Boston due to the blockade.
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2nd provincal congress
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Dominated by radical whigs. ended trade with britain, approved all action of the 2 cont. congresses. Declared that civil war had begun in America but hope that compromise might be capable
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Reasons for GA to remain loyal to Britain
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Colony had received considerable financial help from England. Many GA had been reared in England. GA only newspaper was a loyalist. Few GAs were concerned with trade regs and desired protection with British troops and Indian Dept from warlike Creeks.
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Rules and Regulations Document
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GA first state consitution in 1776. A Temporary document Eight brief parts and stated a legislative, executive and judicial with most power in the legislative. (provincial congress)
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Archibald Bulloch
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1st President, elected by legislature and a consistent Whig Leader
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Button Gwinnett
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led the opposition of Georgia Whigs and William Henry Drayton in 1777 for South Carolina to annex GA. Later dueled with fellow Whig McIntosh and died.
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1st Perm Const.
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gave most political power to one house assembly according to population. Created Governor and executive council chosen by assembly. Superior Court for each county. Heavy Whig.
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8 counties that replaced the parishes
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Wilkes, Richmond, Burke, Effingham, Chatham, Liberty, Blynn and Camden.
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Henry Clinton
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British General from NY who conquered Savannah
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Count D'Estaing
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brought 4000 French troops. Found the seige too slowed and were repelled by the British. They sailed away.
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nathanael Greene
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American Continental commander who retook Augusta and caused the british to evacuate and later leave South Carolina.
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Nathan Brownson
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Gen. Assembly elected him Governor once the british fell.
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Most controversial matter in Ga in the postwar years
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was the confiscation and banishment legislation against loyalist.
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Major developments postwar
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1. Economy started: population grew, wealth and military security 2. Most trade was carried with Charleston, West Indies and northern states 3. old church was superceded by Methodist and Baptist 4. issuance in 1785 of first state university.
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Major postwar political challenge
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conflicts with the Creeks, disputes with U.S. and Spain on western lands, arguements with S. Carol about boundery and the adoption of U.S. Constitution.
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The conflict and seperation from Britain resulted in:
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convinced many GA that they can survive w/out England. Made it easier for the common man to direct political and social trends. Church of England lost its sway. And a fluid aristocracy.
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State Constitution in 1789
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brought bicameral legislation. Abolished the Executive Council, gave Governor more power and franchised landowners.Local Government increased tremendously with more power going to the counties.
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Treaty of New York
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Creeks gave up their land from Ogeechee and Oconee rivers.
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Yazoo Grants
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greatest fraud that GA ever knew. The state sold 35 to 50 million acres to four companies for 500K.Huge scandal with some legislatures being run out. New Const. in 1789 made it null and void. Not all land was given back due to it being sold by the companies.
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Fletcher v. Peck
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arose out of the Yazoo sales and induced Chief Justice John Marshall to rule that legislative acts may be a contract when it bargains for a sale.
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U.S. war against Florida
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GA offered to join to help with the lawlessness. Ex slaves, fugitives, Indians and British harrassed GA. They were awarded the southern part of the state.
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Land Grab from the Indians
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lands were divided into counties and then into plots of 202 acres and distributed free in a lottery besides the gold lands were 40.
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Governor George M. Troup
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intended to get all Creek lands in GA by force if necessary. He threatened war with the U.S. if the Creeks did not subside
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Treaty of Indian Springs
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the Lower Creeks gave up the rest of the Creek Lands in Ga. Upper Creeks did not.
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Cherokees
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most civilized of the southern indians, most were literate in their own language, established a capital in the northwestern part of the state. Due to missionaries they had a high regard for education and Christianity.
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Georgia/Cherokee issues
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State ordained laws over that section and forbade their government to function in GA. The nation sued GA in Supreme court.. Pres. Jackson refused to go by the Supreme Court. Gold was found in the Cherokee nation causing lawlessness and forced the GA gov to annex. Rest were rounded up and ended GA indian problem.
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Troup Party
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under James Jackson then Troup and Crawford. Aristocratic, Planter Party, made up of VA migrants. Later became State Rights Party then Whigs
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Clark Party
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led by John Clark. North Carol migrants, small farmers. Became Union Party then Democrat.both favored getting rid of indians and opposed tariffs.
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Transportation
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Originally Rivers were used and maintained by citizens who lived by it. Turnpikes and local roads and Canals were built but rarely supported. Then public turned towards Railroads. Greatest need for railroad was agriculture and forest industries.
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Railroads
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1. Georgia Railroad: built from Augusta to Athens and to the Chatahoochee through Atlanta. Then central to join Savannah to Macon.
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Agriculture
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2/3 were farmers. Ownership of 20 slaves was dividing line btwn plantation and farmers.
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yeoman farmers
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majroity of farmers who owned only a few slaves or 3/5 of GA families owned no slaves at all. Mostly poor whites
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Cash Crops
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Rice and Cotton. GA led the world in cotton production. More acreage was planted for corn for own consumption than any other crop.
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Slaves
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increased economic value, Free Negroes were undesirable, only about 1% of GA slaves were free.
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Manufacturing
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Leading producer of Cotton Textile Mills, tanneries, shoe factories, iron foundries, machine shops, nail factories and brick and pottery works.
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Education
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Ga began by declaring education should be a public charge and created state endowed academias. Did not continue through antebellum. Did set aside a poor school fund to pay for three years education in reading, writing and math. Did not help only 20% of adult white GA were illiterate.
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Private Schools
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flourished especially religious schools. Methodist founded Emory at Oxford, Baptist Mercer at Penfield, Presbyterians Oglethorpe.Medical School in Augusta and a Law School in Athens by Lumpkin and Cobb
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Leading Churches of Colonial and then Antebellum
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Episcopal, Lutheran and Presbyterian. Antebellum were methodist and baptist.
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Union Society
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founded in colonial Savannah, helped to educate and support orphans and other unfortunates.
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Slavery
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Was originally objected due to moral and pratical grounds but changed with invention of the cotton gin and what to do with freed slaves.
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William Lloyd Garrison
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slavery abolitionist.
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Wilmot Proviso
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exclude slavery from newly acquired territory.
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Georgia Platform
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recognized that the Compromise of 1850 did not secure all that the South demanded but, because it preserved the Union. Became the rallying cry to sae the Union. Work of the Whigs led by Toombs and Stephens, Dems by Cobb.
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Constitutional Union Party
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favored the compromise and elected Cobb governor
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Southern Rights Party
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Opposed the Compromise.
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Joe Brown
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Governor, considerable ability and determination to what he considered right. strong states rights man, a very able executive. Eliminated poor business methods in state gov. increased income from RR and friend of common man.
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December 20, 1860
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South Carolina seceded from the Union
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Governor Brown, Robert Tooms, Thomas Cobb
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urged the Legislature to call a secession convention. The leg appropriated 1 million for defense and raise 10,000 troops.
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Secession
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strongest in the cities and the plantation section of the state, while unionist strenth lay in the mountains and pine barrens.
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Montgomery, AL
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GA delegates took the lead. H. Cobb was elected President. Thomas Cobb was a leader in writing the Conf. Const.
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GA representatives in the new Government
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Alexander Stephens as Vice President and Robert Tooms as sec of state.
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Arms Supply Problems
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All available arms were collected and repaired. But new ones were hard to find. Brown tried to refuse any GA troops from carrying their weapons out of state. Money was set asid to buy arms from Europe and Confederacy. Rifle plant was set up in the penit. Tried arming troops with pikes.
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Shortages
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Wood and Woolen Cloth. Medicine and hospital supplies were soon in short supply . Ga produced herbs and medicine and made bandages and hospital clothing
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Re-election of Governor
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Brown was re-elected for third and fourth terms. No GA governor had ever served three terms before. The press hounded him saying he was a dictator, did not agree with Davis and been in office too long.
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Brown's politics
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unpopular policies: seizure of salt and other scarce provisions and opposition to distillation of liquor. He still appealed to the common man and was a huge supporter of troops, widows and soldier's families
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Greatest criticism of Brown
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he saw everything form a GA viewpoint regardless of the needs of the confederacy.
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Biggest Difference btwn Brown and Davis
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the appointment of officers and which troops should be turned over to the Confederacy and which retained by the state. He refused Ga troops to take arms out of the state and also for confederate troops to use munitions in state. Also, encouraged GA to evade the impressment of supplies and tax in kind levied on farm supplies.Davis suspended habeas corpus. Brown encouraged peace Davis wanted a continuation of war.
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Browns stance
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generally opposed by the GA Assembly and usually majority of the state press. Most consensus was that Brown hurt the cause of the Confederacy by their continued opposition to imp. policies
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Funding the War
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treasury bonds were issued instead of selling bonds. Existing taxes were extended in scope and increased in amt. New tax: profit and income tax on articles manufactured and sold in GA. 1/2 of 1 %. Poorly administered and often evaded.
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Greatest war expense
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the care of indigent soldiers and their families
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GA Economy standing
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strong during the first 2 years of the war. Declined not by public or private incompetence but by military defeat and destruction. Ex. Sherman, Conf. money value decreased and prices went up.
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GA's biggest military concern
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defending the coast. Most islands were taken. Protection of rivers were key and also Savannah (no interest in invasion),
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Union attempts to damage Ga railroad
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James J. Andrews and 20 Federal troops seized the locomotive "General" in Marietta and get as far as Ringgold. then Colonel Streight tried to cut the railroads outside of Dalton
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Largest war industry in the state
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manufacture of munitions and army supplies by private individuals, the state governmetn and the Confederate Government.
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greatest centers of defense manufacturing
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Atlanta, Columbus, Augusta, Savannah and Macon. Augusta's powder works was said to be the largest in the world.
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Greatest Handicap in textile manufacturing
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was the inability to secure new machinery to replace worn out or to expand production.
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Biggest shortages
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skilled labor. constant quarrel btwn Confederate army and state officials abt exemptin. Besides textiles which hired women and children.
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attempts to found new factories were largely usuccessful because of
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shortages of capital, machinery, raw materials and skilled labor.
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State Railroads
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Brown prevented the Confederacy from seizing the Railroads.
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Ga's Cotton Crop during the war
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War opened with Ag prosperity with cotton selling at a higher price. Blockade was put in and a push from cotton to food crops.
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From Cotton to Food Crops
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GA was one of the most important sources of food for the Confederate armies in Virginia
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Slave Soldiers
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were used on the Savannah fortifications. War progressed more slaves were used in non-combat army duties. Teamsters, cooks, nurses and laborers. End: impressed to work on the railroads.
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Two groups that held Union Sympathy in GA
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Northerners (small and unimportant) who had recently come South and natives (mostly in the mountains who opposed secession and slavery.
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Army desserters
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came mostly from the mtn parts of the state. Did not like conditions, unfair that some were excused form army duty, earn more money outside than in, bad conditions at home
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Most important source of information during the war
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Newspapers. Paper was hard to come by. Most popular was Southern Field and Fireside.
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Higher Education during War
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Most universities closed during the war. Women's colleges increased in enrollment, some were burned or taken over.
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Primary and Secondary Education
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was not as hurt until Sherman's invasion. Greatest shortages were competent Teachers, food and textbooks
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First and most persistent war duty of the churches
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work among the soldiers. Supplies were collected, wayside stations maintained, chaplains sent to regiments and hsopitals. Spiritial welfare of soldiers.
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Soldier's Tract Association
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published religious tractsin Macon for distribution to soldiers. Methodist and Baptist.
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General William T. Sherman
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crossed into GA from Chattanooga Opposed by Johnston then Hood. Brown called upon the State Militia to defend Atlanta and the mayor called upon every available man.
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The attack on Atlanta
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during the Seige, Sherman destroyed Railroads into the city and destroy military supplies. Hood's attempts to break the lines were unsuccessful and evacuated.
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Negotiations of GA
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Sherman tried to negotiate with Brown and Hood to take GA out of the war. Neither responded.
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Burning of Atlanta
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Sherman orderd its principal bulding, factories, railroads and warehouse destroyed. All but 400 buidlings.
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March to the Coast
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Food, livestock and Negroes were often taken, Food, homes, farm buildings were often destroyed.
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