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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Structure |
rock type, structural geology, stratigraphy |
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Process |
external forces form landscape (rain, wind, water) |
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Time |
process act on a geologic structure with the passage of time |
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System |
collection of objects and the interactions between them |
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closed system |
reaches a static equilibrium |
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open system |
reach dynamic equilibrium and remain transient |
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gradient |
change in the value of a quantity with change in a given variable (distance) |
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Common types of gradient |
Chemical, thermal, hydraulic. Important because it drives change on earth |
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Relative dating |
determining the age of a rock, fossil, or event using other rocks, fossils, or events |
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Biostratigraphy |
correlation of units with fossils |
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tephrachronology |
using volcanic eruptions to date rocks
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Numeric dating |
using different methods to determine the age of a rock. usually in years |
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radioactive decay |
the nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy then releases heat and emits alpha, beta, or gamma particles |
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Cenozoic years |
0-65mya |
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Mesozoic years |
70-25mya |
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Paleozoic years |
260-540mya |
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Precambrian years |
750-4000mya |
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Orogeny |
process of mountain formation at convergent boundaries |
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Epirogeny |
process of continent formation |
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Glacial Isostacy |
regional subsidence occurs because of mass of ice |
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Orogenic Types (Oceanic crust-Oceanic crust) |
forms island arcs and trenches |
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Cordillean |
where oceanic lithosphere subducts under continental lithosphere. ex. Andes mtns |
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Collisional |
where convergence and subduction have brought an island arc or another plate of continental crust into contact with the overlying. Ex. Himalayas |
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Extensional mtn belts |
comes from divergence |
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tectonic landform |
landforms that result from crustal movement |
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scarp |
shortened form of escarpment |
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fault scarp |
when a fault displaces the ground surface so one side of the fault is higher than the other |
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grabben |
the depressed fault block bound by normal faults |
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half-grabben |
asymmetrical valleys or basins caused by 2 fault blocks that tilted the same direction along a normal fault |
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landforms from folding |
syncline, aniticline, monocline |
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tectonic domes |
form from shallow intrusion (igneous domes, laccoliths, shallow igneous sills) |
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volcano |
area of earth where hot gas, liquid molten rock and shattered rock fragments are forcibly or rapidly ejected onto the surface |
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Exhalative volcanic activity |
discharge of water, steam or gas. Hot springs, geysers |
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Explosive activity |
solid volcanic ejecta. rock becomes fragmented by sudden loss of volitiles, abrupt contact with the ground, water or abrasion in the volcanic neck. Most dangerous kind. |
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Effusive activity |
copious outpouring of lava from a vent or fissure |
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Felsic |
silica rich, more viscous |
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Mafic |
Silica poor, less viscous |
