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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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debri slope
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sandy, evenly graded slope without strata found below free faces, think grand canyon
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Pediment
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recieves sed. from debri slopes, maintain grade over time because of balanced inflow and outflow of seds.
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Nose Slope
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topographic point where water diverges 3 ways away from it. where least erosion occurs.
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Epirogenic
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Broad regional scale
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Endogenic
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volcanoes, mtn building along convergent boundaries
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Rejuvenation
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when a meandering river is uplifted rapidly causing the river to cut straight down into channel
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Superposed Rivers
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When uplift occurs slowly river stays put and cuts through rising feature.
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Relative Dating
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1. older vs younger
2. sequence (oldest to youngest) 3. Magnitude 4. Calibrated age dating - aged based on other surfaces. |
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desert pavement
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sand fills in between rocks and lifts the rocks
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varnished rocks
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bacteria live on rocks that fix manganese to the surface as a defense against sunlight
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Soil development
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1. more horizons with time
2. thicker solum wiht time 3. redder in color over time |
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Luminescense
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establishes the last time sediment was exposed to sunlight or fire
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Radiocarbon dating
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radiocarbon years are shorter than calendar years. 20 year old trying to get in the bar could say theyre 21 in radiocarbon years.
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Mesa/ Scarp
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steeper faces form on resistant rock, gentle slopes on erodible (think grand canyon)
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cuesta
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gently dipping sedimentary rock from upwarp in a dome or basin. in basins scarps backwaste toward center facing out, in domes scarps face in.
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Land form names with respect to dip of the form
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mesa< buttes< cuesta < hogbacks < flatirons < razorbacks
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Badlands
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weak rocks, shales, siltstones, ashlayers. fine grain seds cause massive runoff with little infiltration. flat lying, highly jointed, weak seds
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Bryce Canyon
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square joints that weather outward. falling water forms canyons in joints as well as ice wedging
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Hoodoos
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large spires with caprock, as formed in bryce canyon
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Balanced rocks
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form from sand abrasion from wind. when it tilts one way it compacts the rock decreasing the eroision, other side erodes until it tilts back.
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Bolson
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basin of internal drainage, sediment washes to the center without a river draining it, water evaporates out.
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Playa
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central salt plain after water evaporates form a bolson
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talus
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rock debri fallen from above
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ballenas
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remnants of alluvial fans with many incisions where remnants of alluvial fan are rounded off.
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bajadas
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coalesced apron of alluvial fans along front of mountain
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inselberg
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island of rock in infilling basin
^ _____/ \_____________- |
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bornhardt
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rounded off inselberg usually made of granite
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tor
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vertical jointed inselberg
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cinder cone volcano
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formed from ejecta, small, steep sided, sharp jagged edged glass framents
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composite cone volcano
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felsic lava, tall volvanoes, viscous lava causes massive explosive eruptions
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nuee ardante
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glowing gas cloud that is heavier than air so it roars downslope
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regolith
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all unconsolidated materials above the bedrock
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residuum
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material weathered from a rock still in place, all residuum is regolith, not vice versa
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saprolite
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weathered bedrock, retaining rock character/ fabric. contains quartz veins, dikes, stratigraphy
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felsenmmer
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shattered angular rock fields near glacial margins that were exposed to ice
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Carbonation
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weathering with carbonic acid
H20+CO2-> H2CO3 CaCO3+H2CO3<-> Ca2+ + 2(HCO3)- |
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Relict Paleosol
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Very old paleosol that was never buried
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Exhumed Paleosol
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was buried, overlying surface eroded away
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rills
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smallest channel flows that form after sheet flows. channel extension is headward (upslope) as top of channel erodes out
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drainage density
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length of stream channel/ basin areas
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trellis drainage
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long trunk stream with many feeder streams off sides. occur between parallel mountians
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effluent streams
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gain water from the watertable
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influent streams
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lose water to the watertable, usually in dry climates
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aggradation
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may be result of glacial outwash, climatic or land use change that causes excess sediment to be added to a fluvial system
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saltation
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sediment bounces along the bottom of a stream bed
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Stream Power
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P= Q * s
discharge times slope |
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stream competence
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largest sediment a stream can carry
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stream capacity
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total amount of sediment a stream can carry
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ablation zone
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zone of ice loss at the bottom of a glacier
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abrasion
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material being dragged by glacier scrapes the bedrock
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plucking
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rock freezes into glacier and is pulled out when glacier moves
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roche moutonne
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striations from abrasions up one side, plucking down the back side.
_/|___ ice motion -> |
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proglacial lakes
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lakes lining the ice margin (lake plain is extremely flat)
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esker
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ridge of sand and gravel formed in an ice tunnel. forms in stagnant ice if ice becomes active the tunnels break
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tunnel channels
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extremely pressurized streams under glacier can carve bedrock or below sealevel
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kames
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moulin kame: hole in the ice that fills with sna dand gravel and melts leaving a conical hill,
kame and kettle topo: hummocky |
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drumlins
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spoon shaped hills along moraines ice motion points toward the point of a drumlin
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Wave influence
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Depth of wave influence is .5 time the wavelength between two crests
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littoral drift
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sand moves latterally down the shore
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longshore drift
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lateral movement of sand along bars
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baymouth bar
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if spits close due to littoral drift, they form enclosed bays
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tombolos
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bedrock offshore connected to shore again by an accumulation of sand forming a bridge
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jetties
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also known as piers, down littoral drift of piers beaches are eroded
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groins
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a series of structures designed to trap sand in littoral drift
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rip rap
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big rocks and boulders to stop coastal erosion
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revetment
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an angled seawall that lays over the beach and diverts wave energy, water seaps down between gaps
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travertine
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re-deposited CaCO3 from limestone solution by carbonation usually in caves
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caverns
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caves that have not been /discovered by early humans
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dolines
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collapsed sinkholes
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uvala
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when several dolines connect
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polje
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long large connection of dolines that looks almost like a river valley that abruptly ends
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haystack/ tower karst
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landscape lowers from collapse until just some towers of limestone remain (think china)
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rise
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when water returns to the surface after a sinking creek
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stalactites
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hold tite to the ceiling
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stalacmites
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mite grow up
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boxwork
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cracks fill with secondary CaCo3, older rocks weather away leaving the crack fill in crazy grid patterens
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ventifact
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rock is eroded with sharp edges from differeing wind direction
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coppice dunes
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erosional features where shrubs catch sand.
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longitudinal dunes
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formed by converging wind directions
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parabolic
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blowout formed by strong onshore wind with minimal vegetation. arms form upwind forming D shape
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barchan dune
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sand supply is limited, arms of dune form down wind making c shapes
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transverse dune
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barchans linked together with one constant strong wind direction
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star dunes
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produced by variable wind directions, no typical shape form crazy star shapes
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perched dunes
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grand sable and sleeping bear are examples, wind blows sand up bluff and deposits on top.
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