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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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volcano: very gentle slope, little-no pyroclastic material
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Shield
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Hawaii has several volcanoes because it is located near a
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Hot Spot
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___ are vents at the top of a volcano
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Calderas
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__ are collapsed structures formed after an eruption
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Craters
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___ igneous rocks cool quickly near the surface
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Volcanic
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___ igneous rocks cool slowly deeper in the earth
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Plutonic
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Three major types of plate boundaries
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Convergent Margins, Divergent Margins, Transform Boundaries
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The uppermost compositional layer of the earth
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Crust
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Plutons that form lens-shaped 'blisters' of magma that deform the surrounding rock layers
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Batholiths
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States that in the past, natural processes occurred in the same way that they do now
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Principle of Uniformitarianism
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Ex. A meteorite hitting earth
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Planetary Accretion
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The last minerals to form as magma finishes crystallizing (including what)
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Mafic; Olivine
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Layer that contains the largest amount of low-density elements
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Crust
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___ magmas contain ___ % silica
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A. Basaltic; 50
B. Andesitic; 60 C. Rhyolitic; 70 |
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Crystal Settling
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dense minerals sink, so they're not in contact with the magma
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Transform Boundary
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lots of earthquakes, but few (if any) volcanic eruptions
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Good Hypothesis
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must be testable
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Evidence supporting the Continental Drift hypothesis and plate tectonics came from ___.
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Age anomalies of seafloor rocks, magnetic anomalies of seafloor rocks, and mesosaur fossil distribution
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Which group of minerals effervesces?
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Carbonates
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___ explains the origin of our solar system, which began about ___ years ago.
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Nebular hypothesis; 6 billion
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Basaltic magma erupts on Hawaii island and spreads across land. What is the first structure to form?
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Pahoehoe
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What helps in the melting of rocks?
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1. Increase temperature
2. Add water 3. Lower Pressure |
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Which process explains how plates move?
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Slab Pull Hypothesis
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Most mafic igneous rocks correspond to which Color Index color(s)?
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Brown&black
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Most felsic igneous rocks correspond to which Color Index color(s)?
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pink&white
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Most intermediate igneous rocks correspond to which Color Index color(s)?
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gray
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Most ultramafic igneous rocks correspond to which Color Index color(s)?
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yellow&green
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At ___ boundaries, the plate topped with ___ crust is forced down into the earth.
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Subduction Zone; Oceanic
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At ___ boundaries, the plate topped with ___ crust is pushed upwards.
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Subduction Zone; Continental
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A fast-moving tectonic plate might be moving at a speed of about __.
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10 cm/year
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In science, a theory...
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has lots of data to support it.
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Magma rises at a ____, cooling to form a ___.
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divergent boundary; mid-ocean ridge
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Invertebrates usually make their shells out of what type of minerals?
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Carbonates
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element #X means, every atom of the element contains....
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X protons
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___ and ___ combined account for __% of the crust's weight
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Silicon; Aluminum; 75
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The most famous example of a transform boundary on earth today is ____.
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the west coast of the US
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Cleavage
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breaking (in layers) rocks
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Slab suction is most likely to occur in which area?
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a rift valley
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Diverging Margins
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plates moving away from each other
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Convergent Margins
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plates colliding (Subduction Zone and Collision Zone)
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Subduction Zone
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oceanic and continental crust collision (oceanic goes down, continental goes up)
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Collision Zone
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continental and continental collision (undercrust) ex. Mountains
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Minerals classified in the same group have the same ___.
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Common Anion
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Rock are classified into 3 categories based on ___.
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how they are formed
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Layer that behaves in a ductile manner
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Asthenosphere
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___ is the process that breaks down rocks; ___ is the process of transporting the rock debris.
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Weathering; Erosion
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Positively charged atoms
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Cations
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Negatively charged atoms
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Anions
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Pyroclastic Flows
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Clouds of hot, fast-moving, gas and debris that move down the slopes of volcanoes during explosive eruptions
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Group of minerals that are commonly mined for fertilizer production
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Phosphates
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In order to be a mineral, a specimen must be ___.
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A. Crystalline
B. Inorganic C. Naturally occuring |
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The uppermost part of every lithosphere plate must contain __.
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no types of crust
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Igneous rocks are identified based on their ___ and ___.
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texture; composition
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An explosive eruption occurs when magma has ____.
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A. high silica content
B. high viscosity C. high dissolved gas content |
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Continental Drift hypothesis was written by
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Alfred Wegner
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Sediment deposits that form via precipitation of dissolved materials, often resulting in economically important mineral deposits
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Chemical sediments
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Why is the Carbon-14 method not applicable to most rocks?
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Rocks do not absorb Carbon from the atmosphere when they form
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S-waves move fastest through which layer
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Mantle
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Blueschist facies forms during ___.
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contact metamorphism
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Angle of Repose is ___.
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not constant
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Transforming feldspars into kaolinite in the presence of water and carbonic acid is an example of ___.
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chemical weathering
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Scale that measure the amount of slip on the fault plane
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Moment Scale
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Ore deposits found in hydrothermal environments likely formed via __.
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Metasomatism
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Slow mass wasting caused by freeze-thaw action is called __.
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solifluction
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Temperature increase with depth is measured as the ___.
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geothermal gradient
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__ represents the degree of metamorphism.
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Grade
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__ represents a set of minerals indicative of a specific metamorphic environment.
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Facies
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Tsunamis are caused by ___.
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seafloor quakes on dip-slip faults
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What type of fault is most likely to occur at divergent plate boundaries?
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Normal fault
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Sequence Stratigraphy correlates rock units based on __.
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Occurrence of unconformities
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___ plate boundaries experience ___ tectonic force.
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A. divergent; tensional
B. convergent; compressional C. transform; shearing |
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Stratigraphic Principle most useful for correlating strata
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Principle of Faunal Succession
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Stratigraphic Principle(s) most useful for identifying youngest/oldest rock units
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Principle of Cross-Cutting, Principle of Superposition
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A good index fossil species ___
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A. had a very large population
B. existed for a short period of time C. lived in many places |
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Why do Uncomformities form?
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lack of accomodation space
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The half-life of a radioactive isotope varies with __.
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no environmental factors
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___ involves squeezing sediments together, while __ involves binding those grains together.
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compaction; cementation
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Which absolute dating technique is useful in lakes that annually freeze over?
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varve counting
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Mesasomatism causes metamorphism by exposing rocks to ___.
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hot fluids
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Mass wasting can be triggered by ___.
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monsoons
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The portion of a metamorphic rock's history during which temperature and pressure are increasing is called ___.
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prograde
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A mature sediment sample contains ___ rounded and ___ sorted sediments.
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well; well
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After one half-life, parents atoms ___ and daughter atoms ___.
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lose half their atoms; gain the atoms the parents lost
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You find a cool rock and want to use radiometric dating to determine its age. Which condition(s) must be met to get a reliable age?
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A. not all parent atoms have already decayed
B. daughter atoms are present C. radioactive isotopes can be present |
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The ___ is the point along the fault where movement actually occurred
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focus
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The ___ is the spot on the surface directly above the focus.
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Epicenter
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What can be dated using the Carbon 14 method
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wood. (not a diamond, a cannonball, or steel)
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