Geology Test 3 Notes

Front 1

What percent of the earth's crust is composed of sedimentary rocks?

Back 1

70%

Front 2

what is probably the single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks?

Back 2

Layers Strata or beds

Front 3

Name and describe the process that turns sediment into sedimentary rock.

What 2 steps are involved in this process?

Back 3

Lithification

Compaction and cementation

Front 4

Compare and contrast igneous and metamorphic rocks

Back 4

Both form as a result of increases in pressure and temperature. Igneous rocks formation involves melting, while the formation of metamorphic rocks does not

Front 5

What is a migmatite

Back 5

a rock composed of two intermingled but distinguishable components, typically a granitic rock within a metamorphic host rock.

Front 6

1995 La Conchita slump

2005 La Conchita ----

Back 6

mudslide

COULD HAVE BEEN PREVENTED

Front 7

MASS WASTING EVENT IN

Saidmarreh Iran (prehistoric)

Back 7

rockslide, limestone slab 305 m thick, ~50 billion tons slid almost 18 km &jumped 460 m high

ridge limestone was parallel to slope, underlain by clay, undercut by river in an earthquake prone area

Front 8

How are mass wasting events classified

Back 8

Type of material

Type of motion

• Fall (free-falling pieces)

• Slide (material moves along a surface as a coherentmass)

• Flow (material moves as a chaotic mixture, like a fluid)

Velocity of the movement

• Fast (avalanche, over 200km/h or 125mph)

• Slow (creep, imperceptibly slow, mm/y)

Front 9

Gros Ventre River valley WY

Back 9

Debris Slide

Could have been prevented

killed 6

Front 10

Vaiont Dam Disaster - Italian Alps 1963

Back 10

Debris slide

2500-3000 people perished.

Front 11

BinghamCanyon Mine.

Back 11

Debris slide

Monitored and prevented deaths

Front 12

Nonrenewable resources

Back 12

• Significant deposits take millions of yearsto form.

Exampless

Fossil Fuels

Metals (iron, copper, uranium, and gold)

Front 13

Bakken Formation

Back 13

North Dakota the #2 oil producing state

contributing over 10% of the nation’s oil production.

In 2013 the USGS released anew figure for expected ultimate recovery of 7.4 billion barrels of oil.

Front 14

Green River Formation

Back 14

Oil Shale

nearly half of the est’d 3 trillion barrels of oil is consideredrecoverable, but not profitably

Front 15

Tar sands

Back 15

Clay, sand, water and viscous tar• Several substantial deposits around theworld including Canada, Utah & CA• Obtaining oil from tar sands is expensive &has significant environmental drawbacks

Front 16

Problems with Nuclear Energy

Back 16

• U-235 is expensive to extract from ore– <0.05% of the ore is U, and just 0.7% of that isthe fissionable isotope

• Possible escape of radio active material during a meltdown

• Radioactive waste disposal

Front 17

Problems with Hydroelectric Energy

Back 17

• Dams have finite lifetimes, maybreak

• Reservoirs fill with sediment– Starve lower stream & beach

Fish/wildlife/plants affected

Front 18

problems with Tidal Energy

Back 18

• Dams requires large tidal range & baywith a narrow opening• Turbine farms require large area,transmission lines & maintenance• May harm marine life• May interfere with sediment movement• May interfere with boats/ships

Front 19

Foliated textures–

Back 19

Rock cleavage planes along which rocks split–Schistosity• Platy minerals are visible

layered– Gneissic banding

Front 20

Porphyroblastic–

Back 20

Large crystals (porphyroblasts)surrounded by fine-grained matrix

Front 21

Foliated rocks in order of increasing metamorphic grade

Back 21

• Slate• Phyllite• Schist• Gneiss

Front 22

Hybrid rocks

Back 22

- part igneous,part metamorphic

Front 23

Many of the most importantore deposits are produced by

Back 23

contact metamorphism. • Sphalerite (zinc)• Galena (lead)• Chalcopyrite (copper)