Geology Test 3

Front 1

water found in the pores of soil and sediment, plus narrow fractures in bedrock

Back 1

groundwater

Front 2

what is the largest reservoir of fresh water that is readily available to humans

Back 2

groundwater

Front 3

What does dissolving groundwater produce as an erosional agent

Back 3

sinkholes and caverns

Front 4

What does groundwater serve as an equalizer for?

Back 4

streamflow

Front 5

Water held by molecular attraction on soil particles in the near-surface zone

Back 5

Belt of soil moisture

Front 6

Wehn water is not held as soil moisture percolates downward it is called

Back 6

filtrate and is the zone of saturation

Front 7

the upper limit of the zone of saturation(where ground is saturated)

Back 7

water table

Front 8

Extends upward from the water table and groundwater is held by surface tension in tiny passages between grains of soil or sediment

Back 8

capillary fringe

Front 9

The area above the water table, includes the capillary fringe and the belt of soil moisture, and water cannot be pumped by wells

Back 9

zone of aeration

Front 10

variations in the water table are

Back 10

depth is highly variable (varies seasonable and from year to year), shape is usually a subdued replica of the surface topography, factors that contribute to the irregular surface of the water table.

Front 11

What are the contribute to the irregular surface of the water table

Back 11

water tends to "pile up" beneath high area, variations in rainfall, and variations in permeability from place to place

Front 12

3 types of interactions between groundwater and streams

Back 12

gaining streams, losing streams, and interactions

Front 13

gain water from the inflow of groundwater through the streamland (stream loses water to groundwater)is called.

Back 13

gaining stream

Front 14

lose water to the groundwater system by outflow through the streambed (lake water from water table

Back 14

losing stream

Front 15

combination of a stream gaining in some sections and losing in other areas

Back 15

interactions

Front 16

percentage of total volume of rock or sediment that consisnts of pore spaces

Back 16

porosity

Front 17

porosity applies to

Back 17

how much groundwater can be stored and vairiations can be considerable over short distances

Front 18

what type of porosity and permeability does clay have

Back 18

high porosity and low permeablity

Front 19

the ability of a material to transmit fluid

Back 19

permeability

Front 20

an impermeable layer that hinders or prevents water movement (such as clay)

Back 20

aquitard

Front 21

permeable rock strata or sediment that transmits groundwater freely (such as sands and gravels)

Back 21

aquifer

Front 22

pertaining to the movement of groundwater when the typical rate of movement is a few centimenters per day

Back 22

exceedingly slow

Front 23

how is energy for the movement provided

Back 23

force of gravity

Front 24

the law that says if permeability remains uniform, the velocity of groundwater will increase as the slope of the water table increases

Back 24

darcy's law

Front 25

according to darcy's law the water table slope, determined by dividing the vertical difference between the recharge and discharge points by the length of flow between these points

Back 25

hydraulic gradient

Front 26

the vertical differece between recharge and discharge points

Back 26

hydraulic head

Front 27

what does darcy's law basically explain

Back 27

how fast ground water will move

Front 28

how is the movement of groundwater is measured directly using

Back 28

various dyes and carbon-14 (radioisotope)

Front 29

Where do springs occur

Back 29

where the water table intersects the Earth's surface

Front 30

the natural outflow of groundwater is called

Back 30

a spring

Front 31

when a spring is formed by an aquitard creating a localized zone of saturation it is called

Back 31

a perched water table

Front 32

How much warmer must water be than the mean annual air temperature of the locality to be considered a hot spring

Back 32

6-9 C warmer

Front 33

How is the water for most hot springs heated?

Back 33

the cooling of igneous rock

Front 34

the closest hot springs to Monroe is

Back 34

Hot Springs AR

Front 35

What are the characteristics of a geyser

Back 35

intermittent hot springs, water erupts with great force, occur where extensive underground chambers exist within hot igneous rocks, and groundwater heats, expands, changes and erupts, and chemical sedimentary rock accumulates at the surface.

Front 36

How can one ensure a well will have a continous supply of water

Back 36

by penetrating below the water table.

Front 37

what can pumping of wells cause

Back 37

drawdown (lowering) of the water table, and cone of depression to the water table

Front 38

What is the water source for Monroe

Back 38

Bayou Desiard

Front 39

What is the water source for W. Monroe

Back 39

Sparta sand (aquafer)

Front 40

What is a situation in which groundwater under pressure rises above the level of the aquifer

Back 40

artesian well

Front 41

What are the two types fo atresian wells

Back 41

flowing and nonflowing

Front 42

When pressure is below ground what type of artesian well

Back 42

non flowing

Front 43

when pressure surface is above the ground what type of artesian well

Back 43

flowing

Front 44

What are the 2 types of artesian systems

Back 44

wells and springs

Front 45

What are the 3 major problems associated with groundwater withdrawal

Back 45

groundwater should always be treated as a nonrenewable source, subsidence, and saltwater contaminations

Front 46

in many places the water available to recharge the aquifer falls short of the amount being withdrawn

Back 46

we must treat the groundwater as a non renewable source

Front 47

ground sinks when water is pumped from wells faster than natural recharge processes can replace it

Back 47

subsidence

Front 48

excessive groundwater withdrawel causes saltwater to be drawn into wells, thus contaminating th efreshwater wupply and primiarily is a problem in coastal areas

Back 48

saltwater contamination.

Front 49

Ground water is midly acidic and can dissolve what

Back 49

rock

Front 50

carbonic acid reacts with calcite in limestone to form what

Back 50

calcium bicarbonate, a soluble material

Front 51

what is created by acidic groundwater dissolving soluble rock at or just below the surface in the zone of saturation

Back 51

caverns

Front 52

where do caverns always form

Back 52

zone of aeration

Front 53

what are caverns composed of

Back 53

dripstone (travertine). calcite deposited as dripping water evaporates

Front 54

What is another name for caverns

Back 54

spelothems

Front 55

What feature of a cave hangs from the ceiling

Back 55

stalactites

Front 56

what feature of a cave form on the floor of a cavern

Back 56

stalagmites

Front 57

what feature of a cavern are hollow

Back 57

soda straws

Front 58

what are landscapes that have been shaped mainly byt he dissolving power of groundwater

Back 58

karst topograpy

Front 59

featers of karst topograpy

Back 59

irregular terrain, sinkhole or sinks, stricking lack of surface draining (streams)