Geology Test # 3

Front 1

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Back 1

amount of oxygen used for bacterial decomposition - measured as milligrams per liter of oxygen consumed over 5 days at 20 degrees Celsius.

Front 2

water pollution

Back 2

refers to the degradation of water quality as measured by biological, chemical, or physical criteria

Front 3

fecal coliform bacteria

Back 3

used to indicate biological pollution

Front 4

pathogenic

Back 4

disease causing microorganisms

Front 5

eutrophication

Back 5

characterized by rapid increase in plant life usually algae

Front 6

point sources

Back 6

discrete and confined, such as pipes that empty into streams or rivers from industrial or municipal sites

Front 7

non-point sources

Back 7

source zone covers a large area

Front 8

septic tanks

Back 8

typically treat small volumes of waste

Front 9

WWTP

Back 9

typically treat larger volumes of municipal or industrial waste

Front 10

primary treatment

Back 10

removes much of the solid material via screening, grit removal and sedimentation: removes 30-40% of the pollution

Front 11

secondary treatment

Back 11

bacteria breakdown organic matter; additional sedimentation, followed by disinfection using chlorine or ozone

Front 12

advanced treatment

Back 12

remove nutrients, metals, and other chemicals

Front 13

reclaimed water

Back 13

treated wastewater

Front 14

riparian doctrine

Back 14

owner of land next to the stream has a right to the the water

Front 15

prior appropriation doctrine

Back 15

first person to use water has right to continued use as long as water is put to beneficial use without waste

Front 16

integrated waste management

Back 16

complex set of management alternatives including source reduction, recycling, composting, landfill, and incineration

Front 17

tropical cyclones

Back 17

known as typhoons in most of pacific ocean and hurricanes in atlantic

Front 18

industrial ecology

Back 18

produce urban and industrial systems that model natural ecosystems, where waste from one part of the system is a resource for another part

Front 19

composting

Back 19

biochemical process in which organic materials decompose to a humuslike material.

Front 20

incineration

Back 20

burning of waste at high temperatures (1000 degrees Celsius) municipal waste volume can be decreased by 85%

Front 21

sanitary landfills

Back 21

method of solid-waste disposal that functions without creating a nuisance or hazard to public health or safety.

Front 22

leachate

Back 22

obnoxious, mineralized liquid capable of transporting bacterial pollutants

Front 23

secure landfills

Back 23

confine waste, control leachate, collect ad treat leachate, detect possible leaks

Front 24

land application

Back 24

spread waste on soil surface. also called land spreading or land farming. may work for certain biodegradable wastes or volatile wastes

Front 25

biopersistence

Back 25

the measure of how long a material remains in the biosphere

Front 26

surface impoundments

Back 26

excavations and natural topographic depressions that are used to store hazardous liquid waste

Front 27

high level radioactive waste

Back 27

produced as fuel assemblages in nuclear reactors become contaminated with large quantities of fission products

Front 28

low level radioactive waste

Back 28

materials containing only small amounts of radioactive substances

Front 29

ocean pollution

Back 29

dredge spoils: sand, silt, clay, rock
industrial waste: acids, refinery waste, sewage sludge, pesticide wastes
construction and demolition debris: cinder block, plaster, stone, tile
solid waste: refuse, garbage, trash, explosives
radioactive waste

Front 30

wave height

Back 30

difference in height between wave trough and peak

Front 31

wave length

Back 31

distance between successive peaks

Front 32

wave period

Back 32

time in seconds for successive waves to pass a reference point

Front 33

surging or plunging breaker

Back 33

can cause significant coastal erosion

Front 34

tidal floods

Back 34

may be produced by storm surges from smaller storms combined with high tide

Front 35

spilling breakers

Back 35

may facilitate sand deposition on beaches

Front 36

surf zone

Back 36

exposed to turbulent transitional waves

Front 37

swash zone

Back 37

portion of beach face that experiences uprush (swash) and backwash of wave

Front 38

berms

Back 38

flat backshore areas on beaches formed by deposition of sediment as waves rush up and expend the last of their energy

Front 39

beach face

Back 39

sloping portion of the beach below the berm

Front 40

breaker zone

Back 40

area where the incoming wave become unstable, peak, and break

Front 41

longshore trough and bar

Back 41

elongated depression and adjacent ridge of sand produced by wave action

Front 42

littoral transport

Back 42

beach material being moved along a coast

Front 43

longshore current

Back 43

produced by incoming waves striking the coast at an angle occurs in the surf zone

Front 44

littoral cell

Back 44

segment of coastline that includes an entire cycle of sediment of delivery to the coast

Front 45

beach budget

Back 45

describes the net transport of sediment into and out of a littoral cell

Front 46

wave climate

Back 46

statistical characterization on a an annual basis of wave height, period, and direction, for the purpose of calculating wave energy at a particular site.

Front 47

seacliff erosion

Back 47

may experience serious erosion because they are exposed to both marine and land processes.

Front 48

seawalls

Back 48

placed parallel to the beach to retard erosion

Front 49

groins

Back 49

placed perpendicular to the beach to trap sand by disrupting littoral transport

Front 50

beach nourishment

Back 50

artificially placing sand on beaches in hopes of creating a positive beach budget

Front 51

breakwater

Back 51

designed to intercept waves and provide a protected area (harbor) for boat moorings

Front 52

jetties

Back 52

designed to stabilize the channel, prevent or minimize deposition of sediment in the channel, and generally protect it from large waves.

Front 53

barrier island

Back 53

long narrow islands separated from the mainland by a body of water