Geology Test 3

Front 1

Mass Wasting

Back 1

Movement, caused by gravity, in which bedrock, rock debris, or soil moves downslope in bulk.

Front 2

Most mass wasting that takes place will not be noticable in a lifetime

T or F

Back 2

T

Front 3

Mass wasting characteristics
(4)

Back 3

-large volume of material wasting away (declining)
-may be landslides
-movement of material downslope (gravity)
-gravitional pull causes things to move down inclines

Front 4

Agent of mass wasting
(4)
Help gravity in Mass wasting

Back 4

-slope of landscape (flat, gently rolling. steep will cause landslides)
-water involved-if landscape is wet, landslides is more likely to happen here, lubrication
-earth vibrations (earthquakes)
-Shear strength

Front 5

shear strength

Back 5

In mass wasting, the resistance to movement or deformation of material.

Front 6

Common types of mass wasting

-common difference

Back 6

1. flows
2. slips/slides
3. falls

-common difference is the mov't of the material

Front 7

Fall

Back 7

-drops vertically down; freefall
-just single rocks fall not usually large volumes

Front 8

Slip/Slides

Back 8

-Rock or sediment moves down the slope with a bit of contact with the slope (not freefalling)
-water does not really play a role

Front 9

Flow

Back 9

-a soupy mixture of rock and sediment that forms a lump and moves downhill.

Front 10

freeze-thaw

Back 10

-many rocks fall
-happens in fall and spring when freezing or thawing tends to happen

Front 11

______ could cause erosion of underneath rock and make the above rocks fall because they have no support.

Back 11

waves

Front 12

Slip/slide characteristics

Back 12

-slumps happen in slides
-slips are dry, skip down slopes
-ex. rock slide, landslide, debrislide
-large volume of materials can be involved
-avalanches (some call it this)

Front 13

Slumps

Back 13

-occur in softer sediment
-material develops a slope that is too steep and mother nature brings it back to a manageable slope through a slow mov't of sections of rocks

Front 14

explain forming slopes with sand

Back 14

-cannot get steep slopes with sand unless the sand is wet (can only get a 35 degree slope).
-this is part of the processof nature getting huge slopes back to gentler ones.

Front 15

explain a Wyoming incident that happened in the 1930's involving a landslide/mudslide

Back 15

a shale layer got wet and the land on top of it slid down the slope and became like clay and caused many people to be killed

Front 16

Avalaches/landslides made up of __________

Back 16

rocks mixed with ice and snow

Front 17

Slide is a rapid mov't of loose material

T or F

Back 17

T

Front 18

Slumps involve large material that is intact. Moving in one clump of material

T or F

Back 18

T

Front 19

__________ is a good reason to never build close to cliffs

Back 19

Mass Wasting (ie slumps)

Front 20

Earthquakes can generate _______

Back 20

slumps

Front 21

What to flows involve?

Back 21

-more water
-water saturated mass
-can take place over a long period of time (creep)
-can cause poles, gravestones to move

Front 22

Creep

Back 22

natural downslope movement

Front 23

Flows may be called ________ or _________
made up of?

Back 23

Debri flows

Mud Flows

-made up of fine grain materials and can move 60-70 mph and the flows eventually solidify.

Front 24

Ancient flows can be discovered by what?

Back 24

the area surrounding it
(vegetation is different)

Front 25

Streams usually get ther source from where?

Back 25

mountains and then empty into lakes, oceans, etc

Front 26

How does the load of the stream differ as you go from the source (mt) to mouth (lake)?

Back 26

gets finer as you go from left to right

Gravel->Sand->Silt and clay

Front 27

The source has gravel why?

Back 27

because the source has the most powerful force and the force lessens as you move away from mountains

Front 28

the slope of the stream is usually _______atthe source of the stream than at the mouth

Back 28

steeper

Front 29

Stream Loads
3 kinds

Back 29

-suspended
-bed
-dissolved

Front 30

Bed Loads

Back 30

-have boulders
-stream not strong enough to move boulders.
-only a flood can move them great amounts.

Front 31

Temporary Streams

Back 31

-occur where upland meets lowlands
-look for alluvial fans
-it's only a stream when it rains
-the rain brings sediment down and it is added to the alluvial fan.

Front 32

Braided Stream

Back 32

-channels that twist this way and that b/c there is too much sediment to continue one way. (In alluvial fan)

Front 33

When could a permanent stream occur?

Back 33

When the water eventually picks one direction to travel.

Front 34

Rills

Back 34

-erosional incisions into the landscape that are temporarily occupied by water (when it rains)
-they have the possibility of forming a stream

Front 35

Gulles

Back 35

-when rills grow in size
-still not a stream, only flows when it rains
-gullies eventually grow and could become streams as they get deeper.

Front 36

Where do streams mostly occur?

Back 36

they occur in all areas but most form in the mountains where there are steep slopes

Front 37

Flat lands

Back 37

take awhile for streams to form

Front 38

Streams change their appearance over time

T or F

Back 38

T

(ex. Yellowstone River and Rocky Mt. Stream)

Front 39

Streams that flow from Mountains: their characteristics

Back 39

-V-shaped canyon

-no flat areas down at stream level

-relatively straight, controlled by underlying geology (fault lines or beds)

-have pretty steep slopes/gradients

-river will flow faster with many rapids and waterfalls (streams will run into points where erosion is slow to happen and it will be a waterfall that eventually will carve through it)

-rapids used to be streams-still eroding

-no tributaries(side streams)

Front 40

Flood Plain

Back 40

-overtime the stream starts to meander (erode)
-once meander starts (bends) this begins the flood plain.
-typical of rivers outside of mountains
-DEF. Flat area near stream

Front 41

Wide Valleys may occur in Mts.

T or F

Back 41

T

(ex. some Pennsylvania mts.)

Front 42

In lower area of hills there will be ___ shaped valleys with flood plains carved by streams.

Back 42

U

Front 43

Water Cycle

Back 43

-underground water
-don't typically see it
-ground water is everywhere beyond a certain point
-water fills in pores, spaces in bedrock (with wells this is usually where the water comes from)

Front 44

Differences between Surface and Subsurface Water

6

Back 44

1. Not normally seen -unless pressure drives it out of geologic material

2. Doesn't flow in the same way. Ground water is everywhere and usually not in channels

3. Ground water does not flow in rapids and waterfalls. It really moves slow compared to surface water.

4.Gro. water will commonly be pure. Not bacteria infested but there may be compounds in it that make it taste bad.

5. Temp. in ground water is consistent. Surface water differs at various depths.

6. Gro. water can move up hill (flows up slopes). Surface water cannot b/c of pressure

Front 45

2 major parts of ground water system

Back 45

Unsaturated Zone and Saturated Zone

Front 46

Another name for Unsaturated Zone

Back 46

Vatos Zone

Front 47

Unsaturated Zone

Back 47

-pores and cracks
-some are wet but they aren't totally full of water
-soil and upper bedrock part still has room for water.

Front 48

The deeper you go into the ground the more ________ the rocks become

Back 48

saturated

Front 49

Saturated Zone

Back 49

-lots of water starts flowing (in a hole)
-could be soil or bedrock
-every pore and crack is filled with water
-cannot get anymore water in there
-the water then continues down and eventually stops existing in a liquid form (become too hot)
-this is where we get ground water

Front 50

Water Table

Back 50

-Area b/t Uns. Zone and Sat. Zone
-Upper surface of the Sat. Zone)

Front 51

The water table is where you _______ see the water

Back 51

first

Front 52

If the water table comes to the surface where a lake or stream is, what happens?

Back 52

-It isn't considered a water table anymore
-only called water table beneath the surface

Front 53

What eventually happens to the ground water?

Back 53

-it makes it to the ocean and goes back into the atmosphere

Front 54

What happens in areas of lower elevation?
(Atmospheric Pressure and Collums of Sediment)

Back 54

-they have lower pressure and ground water is moving toward it. (if you have a mt, gro. water moves away)

Front 55

Ground Rock

Back 55

-gets more pressure than a surface body of water because it has atmospheric pressure and collums of sediment pressing down on it

Front 56

Why is ground water slow moving?

Back 56

B/c it is soaking from one place to another

Front 57

How can you have a well?

Back 57

-if the right type of geologic material is present
-you have to drill a long way down if the right kind is present close up

Front 58

Aquifer

Back 58

-A geologic material that readily releases ground water

ex. sedimentary rocks, course grains, conglomerates, sandstone, brechits, sand, pebbles, gravel)

Front 59

Sometimes ________ and ______ are good aquifers because it has holes, etc.

Back 59

limestone and dolostone

Front 60

Poor Aquifers

Back 60

Igneous and Metamorphic rocks

Front 61

Aquicludes/aquitards

(and ex.)

Back 61

-a geologic material that does NOT readily release groundwater.

-shale, budstone, fine grains

Front 62

The only way to get Igneaous and Meta rocks to be good aquifers is to what?

Back 62

-they must have fractures

Front 63

How were some earthquakes in Denver formed?

Back 63

-Igneous rocks had many fractures and water came into the pores

Front 64

What do you do to ensure you will have enough water when you have a well?

Back 64

-drill deep into the rock because water tables fluctuate

Front 65

Water tables at the surface cause_________

Back 65

marshes

Front 66

Artesian System

Back 66

-rise in water level b/c the water is already experiencing great pressure so water could flow out of the well (higher than anticipated)
-water in well simply has to be at a higher level than the normal water table (doesn't have to be flowing)

Front 67

How do aquitards react to rain water?

Back 67

they reject it cause they don't hold much water

Front 68

How do aquifers react to rain water?

Back 68

they absorb it

Front 69

Cone of Depression

Back 69

-ground water system changes over time (causes a cone of depression)
-this is where the water level lowers.
-over time you'll have to dig deeper.

Front 70

What happens if there is overuse of a well?

Back 70

-the water table and entire water level decreases and the well may dry up

Front 71

Pollution of ground water

Back 71

-surface water can be cleaned easily by stopping sources of pollution and let mother nature finish cleaning it.
-difficult to clean up b/c pollution is in all the pores and cracks
-it will take eons to clean it
-so slow moving that it will take years to discover if the ground water in certain areas is polluted

Front 72

what is a common contaminate of ground water?

Back 72

-dumps (toxic chemicals seep into the ground)
-outhouses
-oceans cause salty ground water
-gas can leak into gro water

Front 73

Ground water and dissolve bedrock and form _________

Back 73

caves

Front 74

How do caves form?

Back 74

-rain water mixes with CO2 and causes carbonic acid and then that begins mixing with the soil which allows it to mix with more CO@. Eventually this is strong enough to corrode limestone, dolostone, and other bedrock

Front 75

For caverns to happen you need 4 things

Back 75

1. Limestone or dolostone have to be present and close to the surface
(caves are vertical first and then go lateral)

2. Sufficient rainfall-helps if the climate is a little warm in summer so best in tropics.

3. Need active streams with in the region that are causing downcutting. necessary to keep the water table moving.

4. We need geologic time for caves to develop. (most occured in cenozoic time)

Front 76

Water does what in order to form caves?

Back 76

-carves through soil to form shafts then water goes lateral and begins the caves

Front 77

Caves at the water table will be what?

Back 77

filled with water and unexplorable

Front 78

Sinkholes

Back 78

potholes on the earth's surface

Front 79

Sinkholes develop in 2 ways

Back 79

1. slow sinking variety-dissolving of rock in ground

2.collapse sink holes-may collapse (disolved rock)-bug cave may sink

Front 80

Sink holes could:

Back 80

-cause houses to sink
-could happen suddenly (in front yard for instance)

Front 81

caverns only develop where?

Back 81

in soluble rock

Front 82

Karst

Back 82

-a hill
-refers to landscape features that are related to ground water
-sink holes

Front 83

In a lot of karst systems, what is happening?

Back 83

there are not any streams on the surface; they are all running into the caves.

Front 84

Rises

Back 84

stream coming up from down below

Front 85

stalactite

Back 85

-Iciclelike pendent of dripstone formed on cave ceilings
-made of calcium carbonate

Front 86

stalagmite

Back 86

cone-shaped mass of dripstone formed on the cave floor, generally directly below a stalactite.

Front 87

If a cave is dry, then what?

Back 87

it is dead; it's not growing anymore

Front 88

flowstone

Back 88

Calcite precipatated by flowing water on cave walls or floors.

Front 89

Where will you find water in karsts?

Back 89

-won't know it's one until you see disappearing streams
-may find water in the depressions
-ponds may go directly into caves

Front 90

terra rosa

Back 90

-reddish-brown to orangish soil the often indicates a karst landscape .
-when you combine H2O and CO2, the rust begins and colors the soil rust colored.

Front 91

__________ is the largest cave system in the world

Back 91

Mammouth Cave

Front 92

Tropical Karst

Back 92

-water leaves little mountains standing because that rick was resistant to dissolving

(pic in china)

Front 93

Soda Straws

Back 93

-the beginnings of stalactites that eventually get plugged up

Front 94

How can some ground water be hot?

give example

Back 94

there is magma underground in some places like Yellowstone that causes the water to heat and geysers to form and hot springs.

Front 95

explain geysers

Back 95

they explode through igneous rock and recipitates as geyserite (not a carbonate)

Front 96

Most of North America was formed with ____________

Back 96

glaciation

Front 97

How do glaciers form?

Back 97

-form in mountains and flow down valleys
-formed in polar latitudes (canada, etc) then went down to Ohio River

Front 98

Glacier

Back 98

a moving mass of ice that must me a minimum of 300-500 ft thick

Front 99

Glaciers begin where?

Back 99

1. high up in mountains

2. polar latitudes (north or south poles)
-somewhere where the temp is low overtime and there is lots of snow

Front 100

steps to forming a glacier
4

Back 100

1. Need snow-that sticks around all year so it will accumulate

2. after it reaches several feet thick, the snow begins to gradually form a granular snow (not snowflakes anymore)-occurs because of pressure

3.then it changes to Firn-an icy type of snow. tiny particles that move around. (several hundred feet)

4. Firn begins to melt into each other to form glacier ice. needs to be thicker still. need around 250 ft of thickness and then glacier can move in plastic flow

Front 101

Plastic Flow

Back 101

-glacier moving like plastic
-oozes from one place to another

Front 102

The slope of glaciers do what?

Back 102

decrease from the center (the source)

Front 103

Glaciers are moved by what?

Back 103

-gravity and pressure

Front 104

Continential Ice Sheets

Back 104

-what covers Anartica
-biggest glaciers
-expand and will move out of region
-will get a great ice age
-Antar. has almost 4 miles of ice

Front 105

Ice Shelf

Back 105

-an area of floating ice
-makes continental look bigger than it actually is
-movement of ice is similar to ground water (begins vertical at the top then goes lateral)

Front 106

When glaciers get to the ocean level, pieces break off to form _________.

Back 106

icebergs

Front 107

Alpine Glaciers

Back 107

-AKA mountain and valley
-glaciers found in mountains
-glaciers are restrained by the landscape
-can tell a glacier was in a mountain range if there is a U-shape valley instead of a V-shaped one
-don't get thick enough to flow out of valley

Front 108

Rigid Zone

Back 108

-upper part of glacier (AKA the brittle zone)
-Ice up there is solid and tends to break

Front 109

Zone of Plastice Flow

Back 109

-In lower part of glacier that seems like plastic
-pressure is great enough to create a plastic flow (the part of the ice that moves)

Front 110

Crevasse

Back 110

-long, vertical breaks
-open fissure in a glacier
-lower part of a glacier can flow around big masses of rock while the rigid zone has many cracks from it

Front 111

glaciers prolly move how much during a year but a few can actually move how much?

Back 111

prolly move a few inches

some move a couple hundred feet

Front 112

Explain the friction felt by glaciers

Back 112

-More friction is byt he valley walls and at the bottom of glaciers so that the ice doesn't flow as fast as the ice in the middle

Front 113

Surging Glaciers

Back 113

-glaciers that could move a couple hundred feet in a matter of months
-usually riding on water, not attached to the ground with ice

Front 114

_________ cut the inital valleys and _______ come later

Back 114

-streams

-glaciers

Front 115

Where does glacier development happen the most?

Back 115

-in the north part of the mountains
-prolly the NE side because little wind

Front 116

Cirque

Back 116

-where most glaciers begin
-enlarges overtime by water freezing on the rocks in the deep U-shaped valley
-upper most part of glacier
-high in mountains, walla of rocks

Front 117

Glacial Valley

Back 117

-when the glacier becomes too big for the cirque it flows into the adjacent valley.

Front 118

What is the result of the snow and ice being removed from a cirque?

Back 118

-a deep U-shaped depression

Front 119

Hanging Valley

Back 119

-valley occupied by smaller glaciers that have not been deepened as mich as others
-you'll presently see a waterfall there.
-the valleys cannot carve theirs as deep as the main valley

Front 120

One glacier flows into other glaciers like a little stream flowing into a larger one

T or F

Back 120

T

Front 121

There are all types of erosion

Back 121

-glacier valleys
-hanging valley
-crique
-horn
-aretes

Front 122

Horn

Back 122

-sharp mountainous peak
-develop from alpine glaciers
-created by glaciers eroding away (in the cirque)

Front 123

Arete

Back 123

-a long ridge (sharp)that come to a bladed edge
-ridges that radiate out from a horn and form the sides of a glacial valley
-separate adjacent galcial valleys

Front 124

Lakes are associated with ______

Back 124

Aretes

Front 125

Tarn

Back 125

-a glacial lake that is in a crique

Front 126

Pater Noster Lakes

Back 126

-a series of glacial lakes
-look like a chain of blue beads
-each at a slightly differnet elevation
-streams link the pater noster lakes together

Front 127

Alpine glaciers change the landscape ___________

Back 127

dramatically

Front 128

Running water is the most important geologic agent in ______, _________, and ______________

Back 128

eroding
transporting
depositing sediment

Front 129

Almost every landscape on earth shows results of _________________ or __________.

Back 129

stream erosion or deposition
(dominant processes of this are streams and mass wasting)

Front 130

Hydrologic Cycle

Back 130

the movement and interchange of water between sea, air, and land

Front 131

Solar radiation provides what?

Back 131

the necessary energy for evaporation

Front 132

Stream

Back 132

a body of running water that is confined in a channel and moves downhill under the influence of gravity

Front 133

longitudinal profile

Back 133

a typical stream viewed from the side

Front 134

headwaters

Back 134

the upper part of a stream near its source in the mountains

Front 135

mouth

Back 135

where the stream enters the sea

Front 136

cross section

Back 136

a V-shaped valley cut into solid rock

Front 137

floodplain

Back 137

sediment deposited by the stream

Front 138

sheetwash

Back 138

a thin layer of unchanneled water flowing downhill

Front 139

drainage basin

Back 139

the total area drained by a stream and its tributaries

Front 140

dendritic

Back 140

tributaries that have a pattern that resembles branches of trees or nerve dendritics (V or Y)

Front 141

radial pattern

Back 141

streams diverge outward like spokes of a wheel, forms on high conical mountains, such as composite volcanoes or domes.

Front 142

rectangular pattern

Back 142

tributaries have frequent 90 degree bends and tend to join other streams at right angles, develops on regularly fractures rocks

Front 143

trellis pattern

Back 143

parallel main streams with short tributaries meeting in right angles.

Front 144

stream erosin and deposition are contorlled primarily by what?

Back 144

a river's velocity and to a lesser extent its discharge

Front 145

velocity is controlled by what?

Back 145

a stream gradient (the downslope of a bed), channel shape, and channel roughness

Front 146

discharge

Back 146

the volume of water that flows past a given point in a unit of time

Front 147

hydralic action

Back 147

refers to the ability of flowing water to pick up and move rock and sediment

Front 148

abrasion

Back 148

the grinding away of the stream channel bu the friction and the impact of the sediment load

Front 149

bed load

Back 149

the large or heavy sediment particles that travel on the streambed

Front 150

traaction

Back 150

movement by rolling, sliding, or dragging

Front 151

saltation

Back 151

a series of short leaps or bounces off the bottom (to move downstream)

Front 152

suspended load

Back 152

sediment that is light enough to remain lifted indefinitely above the bottom of the water turbulence

Front 153

dissolved load

Back 153

the portion of total sediment load in a stream that is carried in a solution.

Front 154

bar

Back 154

a ridge of sediment

Front 155

placer deposits

Back 155

found in streams where the running water has mechanically concentrated heavy sediment

Front 156

permeability

Back 156

the capacity if a rock to transmit a fluid such as water or pertoleum through pores and fractures

Front 157

vadose zone

Back 157

the unsaturated zone above the water table

Front 158

Depositional features

Striations

Back 158

the deep gashes made by frozen rocks in the glacier running over a softer rock (scratches)

Front 159

tarns

DF

Back 159

lakes that have formed in criques

DF

Front 160

Till

DF

Back 160

unsorted and unlayered rock debris carried by a glacier

Front 161

Morraine

DF

Back 161

a landform made up of tills

Front 162

Till Characteristices

Back 162

-mixed up substance (rock, stone, and fine grain material)
-in glacial deposited material
-everything stays together
-the ice does not sort these materials like water does
-has different sized and kinds of substances (like igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic in it-not just sedimentary)

Front 163

moraines are often visable even if what happens?

Back 163

even if ice is still there.
(may be sitting on top of the ice)

Front 164

lateral moraines

Back 164

-tehy are on either side of the valley
-made of debri sliding off mountains and landing on glaciers

Front 165

medial moraine

Back 165

-if glaciers come together, 2 of the lateral morraines (each glacier only has 2) become one and go down the center of the glacier
-could have more than one medial moraine

Front 166

end moraines

Back 166

-till that runs across the bottom of glaciers
-perpendicular to the glacier
-typically occur at the end of the glacier
-could be more than 1

Front 167

How do glaciers usually move?

Back 167

they flow from the crique (source) to end

Front 168

what is really happening when it looks like a glacier is moving uphill?

Back 168

it really isn't it just cannot keep up with the melting and they appear to then be moving up

Front 169

advancing glacier

Back 169

as long as the glacier is accumulating more than it's melting the glacier will grow

Front 170

if a glacier is advancing or retreating, there cannot be what?

Back 170

an end moraine

Front 171

receding glacier

Back 171

if there is more melting, the glacier will decrease over time

Front 172

what is the true equilibrium of a glacier?

Back 172

when it never seems to be receding or advancing over time
(melts at same pace as it accumulate)

Front 173

when is the only time you will really get an end moraine?

Back 173

when the glacier is at equilibrium

Front 174

recessional and terminal moraines are what?

Back 174

special end moraines

Front 175

terminal moraines

DF

Back 175

the furthest the glacier goes

Front 176

recessional moraines

DF

Back 176

the place that a glacier recedes to

Front 177

ground moraine

DF

Back 177

-till that is laying underneath a glacier (unseen until ice melts away)
-not very thick layer

Front 178

As glaciers melt, what kind of water will be running off of them?

Back 178

strong torrents that carry sediment with them

Front 179

outwash

DF

Back 179

-water deposited materials that some from melting glaciers
-sand and gravel usually

Front 180

Outwash ______layering while till_________

Back 180

shows

doesn't

Front 181

good examples of glaciers dropping into the ocean and breaking off into icebergs

(some till goes with the icebergs and everything settles eventually on the ocean's bottom)

Back 181

Scandanavia and Norway

Front 182

kettle lakes

DF

Back 182

as glacier recede they may leave huge pieces of ice that leave depressions in the land that water eventually fills adn they become lakes

Front 183

Kame

DF

Back 183

sandy, gravely hills formed from till and outwash going into holes in the glaciers

Front 184

what won't you find on continental ice sheets?

Back 184

horns, sheet, end moraines

Front 185

COntinental ice sheets are not stopped by landscapes so what won't you see? what may you see?

Back 185

-horns, etc

may see striations and glacial groups

Front 186

esker

DF

Back 186

-sinuous ridges
-tunnels that weave into ice.
-they drain the melt water

Front 187

Drumlin

DF

Back 187

-pills of till
-usually thick hills
-usually have a steep slope or a very gentle one

Front 188

Outwash Plain

DF

Back 188

-not till
-better sorted debri
-beyond the end moraine

Front 189

Glacial Erratics

DF

Back 189

-large hunks of till that glaciers leave behind after they melt

Front 190

Where is there many hills formed by glaciers and their deposits of till?

Back 190

SW Michigan

Front 191

the last age began how long ago? when did it end?

Back 191

-a couple million years ago
-a few thousand years

Front 192

the north american glacier covered how much of US?

Back 192

the upper part, not the southern states

Front 193

how can you track a glacier?

Back 193

by checking the end moraines

Front 194

___________ can erode rock

Back 194

sandblasting (sand storms)

Front 195

wind usually has what kind of load and explain it

Back 195

a suspended load and this means it carries smaller particels than sand and overtime this can erode rocks

Front 196

bed load

Back 196

course particles that wind can move over the surface of the earth (sand and small pebbles)

Front 197

Why does wind have it's greatest affect in deserts?

Back 197

because there is little vegetation

Front 198

wind abrasion

Back 198

-wind constantly abraids the rock
-rock may have a skinny center (hour glass)
-crazy shaped rocks
-can cause overhangs

Front 199

Holes in rocks are caused by what?

Back 199

they have been gauged out of that part of the rock

Front 200

Sand Dunes

Back 200

material eroded from rocks that are being blown around by wind

Front 201

ripples

Back 201

-caused by wind.
-moves material like sand

Front 202

form of a dune migrates how?

Back 202

in the direction of the wind

Front 203

dunes typically have what kind of angles?

Back 203

30-34 degree ones

Front 204

4 types if dunes

Back 204

Cresent
1.Barchan
2.Parabolic
Straight
1.Transverse
2.Longitudinal

Front 205

Barchan

Back 205

tips of the cresent point in the direction the wind is blowing

Front 206

parabolic

Back 206

tips in the direction from which the wind is coming (opposite)

Front 207

transverse

Back 207

dune ridge is perpendicular to wind flow

Front 208

longitudinal

Back 208

dune is parallel to wind flow

Front 209

3 features that determine what type of dune develops

Back 209

1.vegetation covering the surface
2.strength of wind
3.sand availibility

Front 210

________ and ___________ dunes are seen where?

Back 210

parabolic and transverse

along shorelines

Front 211

________ and _________ dunes are formed where?

Back 211

barchan and longitudinal

in deserts

Front 212

cross bedding

Back 212

-tells us that the dunes are continually migrating.
-the layers run into each other

Front 213

complex sand dune

Back 213

-cannot figure out what type of dune they are

Front 214

a steep slope is always _______ of the way the wind is blowing

Back 214

opposite

Front 215

dunes can be present in mountains, shorelines, and deserts

T or F

Back 215

T

Front 216

Spit

Back 216

-fingerlike projection where one end is attached to land and the others are in just water

Front 217

deflation

Back 217

wind comes in and moves vast amounts of sand (blowouts)

Front 218

Blowout Area

Back 218

area that used to be covered by great amounts of sand

Front 219

Desert Pavement

Back 219

-what's left after the wind blew away everything it could move
-rocky sand-chunks of rock and little sand, no dunes
-may happen after deflation

Front 220

bentifacts

Back 220

-wind abraided rocks or stones
-wind cannot move them so it abraids them

Front 221

Loess

Back 221

-silt material
-sometimes associated with deserts or glaciers
-people can dig houses into them

Front 222

Rain Shadow Deserts

Back 222

-a few deserts associated with rain like the Rockies
-happens because clouds lose all rain in the mountains and do not have any for land so this causes some deserts

Front 223

badlands

Back 223

-lots of valleys and gullys
-almost no plants
-when it rains there are torrents and mass erosion that cause jagged, irregular shapes

Front 224

Southern rocks are pretty flat and develop isolated knobs of rocks called what?

Back 224

plateaus, mesas, buttes, or pinnacles
-these happen where there is low vegetation and rain

Front 225

In southern areas, stream channels may be what?

Back 225

dry

Front 226

horst

Back 226

an up-raised block bounded by normal faults

Front 227

graben

Back 227

downdropped block bounded by normal fault

Front 228

Ranges=________

Back 228

horst blocks

Front 229

basins=__________

Back 229

graben blocks

Front 230

overtime what happens to the uplifted rocks?

Back 230

they wear down

Front 231

Bajhada

DF

Back 231

-loose material that builds up so you can't tell alluvial fans from one another

Front 232

Pediment

DF

Back 232

Rock in which sediment (Bajhada)sits on

Front 233

playa

Back 233

-temporary pond or lake that may develop in the lower lying land.

Front 234

What controls wind?

Back 234

-velocity
-vegatation
-does it always go the same direction?
-erosin features as well as depositional features are associated with wind

Front 235

shorelines are a _________________

Back 235

depositional agent

Front 236

what happens in long standing bodies of water?

Back 236

waves

Front 237

waves are cause by what?

Back 237

-wind or gravitational pull (tides)

-most important depositional feature in lakes and oceans

Front 238

currents are often present in lake and oceans

T or F

Back 238

T

Front 239

What kind of motion do water particels travel in on there way to the shore ( in waves)?

Back 239

circular

Front 240

Water molecules closer to the surface of the water have a ________ radius

Back 240

higher

Front 241

Wave Base

Back 241

-where water no longer moves

Front 242

Circular movements of waves help the waves do what?

Back 242

-go up and down

Front 243

wave length

Back 243

-the distance between 2 crescent waves

Front 244

wave base = ___________

Back 244

1/2 wave length

Front 245

water doesn't cause much erosin unless what?

Back 245

it's moving

Front 246

Long Shore Currents

Back 246

-are present when the waves come in at an angle
-they move out of the acute angle
-these are strong enough to carry sand
-this is why the sand is spread so evenly
-where the waves are breaking

Front 247

When the wave base equals the depth of the water, the waves will ________

Back 247

slow down

Front 248

Waves are forced to break and collapse when?

Back 248

-when the water on the bottom of the wave hits the bottom of the ocean (shallow bottom) and slows down and the water on top keeps going

Front 249

What happens to waves in shallow water?

Back 249

-the wave height increases and speed (velocity) slows down because there is still the same amount of water but less room for it
-there is more friction on waves so they don't move as fast

Front 250

sand moves in a zigzag pattern because ____________

Back 250

waves both carry it on and off the beach

Front 251

At low tide, you see a considerably great deal of what?

Back 251

sand/beach

Front 252

Berm

erosional feature

Back 252

-produced by normal wave patterns
-a worn notch
------1_______

Front 253

Rip Currents

EF

Back 253

-could be dangerous
-currents that are rolling back to sea

Front 254

Stacks

EF

Back 254

-rock sitting above ocean level that haven't been eroded away yet

_______1------1________

Front 255

Irregular shorelines tend to become straight over time because why?

Back 255

waves erode away the jagged edges

Front 256

headland

EF

Back 256

-what the wave hits first
-rock (like a cliff)
-If no headland then the sand moves there
-eventually will be a straight coast

^u^u

Front 257

sea cliffs

EF

Back 257

-when stone (ex. limestone) is eroded at the bottom and a Wave Cut Notch is left
-leaves an overhang

Front 258

wave cut platform (or bench)

EF

Back 258

-on a rocky coast, waves wash onto rock and over time form and this continues to erode and the cliff retreats further
-erode from continual passing of waves


1--------1__________

Front 259

Sea Arch

EF

Back 259

-when waves can make the rock jotting out thin enough to make some rock erode away.


1---------1^1-----1

Front 260

how can stacks be well above the ocean?

Back 260

because they were formed during an ice age when the ocean level was much higher

Front 261

Beaches are a __________ feature

Back 261

Depositional

Front 262

A depositional feature such as a bay mouth bar is produced by_________

Back 262

long shore currents
(bar extends over bay)

-connects to pieces of land


1-----------1

Front 263

tombolo

DF

Back 263

-must have a stack or island off the coast line

-makes a T shape

Front 264

Spits can eventually grow and become what?

Back 264

bay mouth bars

Front 265

Marine Terraces

Back 265

-flat area above present day sea level
-slightly declined area
-formed when streams were at this level
-over time the sea level decreased
-develop along coastlines and stream valleys

Front 266

Reef

Back 266

a resistant ridge of calcium carbonate formed on the sea floor by corals and coralline algae.

-build up of dead plants and animals

Front 267

Reef coasts

Back 267

-continue to grow overtime

can form islands

Front 268

Patch Reefs

Back 268

-occur in patches and most likely caused by a drowned coast line

Front 269

drowned coast line

Back 269

-sea level rises after ice age

Front 270

feords

Back 270

glacial valleys that go right down to the ocean

Front 271

jettys

Back 271

rock wall protruding above sea level, designed to protect the entrance of a harbor form sediment deposition and storm waves; usually built in pairs
-perpendicualar to shorelines

Front 272

groins

Back 272

-short wall built perpendicular to shore to trap moving sand and widen a beach

Front 273

Breakwater

Back 273

-an offshore structure built to absorb the force of large breaking waves and provide quiet water near shore
-found near santa monica and other large cities by the coast
-built parallel

Front 274

Mass wasting occurs along where?

Back 274

mountains and shorelines

Front 275

ground water is drainage that what?

Back 275

takes place below the surface

Front 276

there is a balance between ______ and ________

Back 276

precipitation and runoff

Front 277

Infitrates

Back 277

-release of water vapor from plants

Front 278

Operation of a Redressive Mechanism

Back 278

-make situation right
-someone will propose a solution
-a compromise
-can bounce back and forth between 2 and 3.
-if a peace plan doesn't work, you go back to crisis

Front 279

Resolution

Back 279

-will be settled one way or another
-Reintegration
-Recognition of Irreparable Schism

Front 280

Reintegration

Back 280

-ideally everyone accepts the solution

Front 281

Recognition of Irreparable Schism

Back 281

-group is permanently separated

Front 282

Conflict Resolution Mechanism

Back 282

-Need this in place so that there can be peace in the group and a solution can be reached

Front 283

Band Resolving Conflict

Back 283

-public face to face confontation
-public all make the decision (solution)
-not much conflict here
-may be a conflict with mates so they need to find away to divert this so the whole group isn't sabotaged.

Front 284

Band Resolving Conflict example

Back 284

Inuits-Eskimos

-need a mate to survive in the arctic
-when the headman is asked to intervene in this situation he calls for a singing contest.
-men sing insults back and forth until one can't think of anymore. he loses the woman.

Front 285

Chiefdom Conflict Resolution

Back 285

-have many families and lineages
-everyone is obligated to help their lineage
-use a mediator to resolve conflict

Front 286

Chiefdome Conflict Resolution Example

Back 286

With the Nuer there could be a bloodfeud.

-2 neurs get in a fight over a cow and one gets killed
-his family is gonna be after the murderer and will want to see him dead
-the murderer must make it to the leopard skin chiefs hut or else he will be killed
-the LSC has a neutral zone
-he tries to make compensation to the murdered boys family.
-the murderer must give up cattle and the cattle is used to find a ghost wife for the deceased man

Front 287

Leopard Skin Chief

Back 287

-gets visions
-divinely oriented
-mediator for chiefdoms

Front 288

State Conflict Resolution

Back 288

-blind justice at this stage
-don't know everyone so you have to be objective, annonyomous, and arbitrary

Front 289

arbitrator

Back 289

-a judge who makes a decision as to who is right and wrong

Front 290

3 elements that every belief system in the world has

Back 290

1. myth
2. ritual
3. practitions

Front 291

myths

Back 291

-legends and stories about the things explained by the belief system
-they provide the answers
-come in 2 forms
1. oral
2. written
-cannot prove a myth or disapprove it
-relys on your willingness to accept the unexplainable
come in 2 varieties
1.creation myth
2. cultural beliefs

Front 292

example of a myth

Back 292

-in africa the ndembu

a mom and her boy went to cut salt grass. the boy found a frog and wanted to show his mom and goes running into the grass and circumsizes himself. the biy grew up stronger, faster, and bigger than the other boys his age so now all the boys get circumsized when they are 8

Front 293

Medicine Man

Back 293

-takes care of the people in village, etc,
-can do castrations (as well as heal-of course)

Front 294

Ritual

Back 294

-systems of formal or ceremonial acts or procedures prescribed or customary in religious or other solemn use
-what needs to be done to please the supernatural realm (shaking hands, knock on wood)

Front 295

Dryad

Back 295

-a spirit in a tree (believed by the old english)
-could cause mischief if not acknowledged
-to acknowledge it, just knock on the tree to satisfy it

Front 296

Ritual example

Back 296

Boys goes through GAR-Nuer

-get deep grooves in their forehead
-his reaction marks him for life

Front 297

Utopian

Back 297

An ideally perfect place, especially in its social, political, and moral aspects

Front 298

Practitioners

Back 298

2 varieties

1. Laity
2. Specialists

Front 299

Laity

Back 299

-the congregation (the believer)
-every belief system has its followers

Front 300

Specialists

Back 300

-leaders, people who understand and know more about the belief system then the general congregation does
-they interpret, communicate
-intervene on our behalf

Front 301

Specialists come in various formats (2 w/ subcategories)

Back 301

a. Good
1. priests
2. shamen
3. medicine person
b. evil
1. witch
2. sorceror


Oppositions again!

Front 302

Priests

Back 302

-usually found in settled, agriculture societies (extra food for priests)
-could be full time specialists
-always a priesthood (not just one)
-preform carefully memorized rituals taught to them by other priests
-

Front 303

Ex of priests

Back 303

the Druids

-it could take them 30 years to learn all they needed to know
-druids chose not to write anything down
-defeated by the romans and all of the priests work was forgotten becasue they were all killed
can be born into priesthood

Front 304

Priest example of Brahmins

Back 304

-caste system
-have learned all the lessons because they already went through the lower levels
-this is where the religious leaders come from
-they have the purest souls
-could become a priesxt because you were the second born son

Front 305

Shamens

Back 305

-are complete opposites of priests
-found in the hunting and gathering cultures
-shamens practice alone
-has direct contact with God (first hand info)
-shamens come from anywhere (don't have to be born into it)
-intense visions

Front 306

3 steps to show you are a shamen

Back 306

1. Death
2. Illumination
3. Resurrection

Front 307

Death

(shamens)

Back 307

-shamens always experiencce death or near death experience
-may go into a deathlike trance

Front 308

Resurrection

Back 308

-soul is brought back to life
-they are totally out of the norm.
-they are a liminal figure (falls between 2 categories -spirit and human)

Front 309

Medicine Person

Back 309

priests and shamen mixed

Front 310

priests

Back 310

-they belong to groups
-perform momorized rituals
-pray to spirits
-belong to settled societies
-like the Leopard Skin Chief

Front 311

shamen

Back 311

-expected to have direct contact to supernatureal
-can soul travel
-give orginal songs and cures

Front 312

what are the priests, shamen, and medicine people here to do?

Back 312

intervene on our behalf

Front 313

Mana

Back 313

supernatural powers

Front 314

2 kinds of mana

?

Back 314

1. witches
2. sorcerors

Front 315

Winters and Middleton

Back 315

-famous anthropologists who worked in Africa and saw bad mana

Front 316

Witch

Back 316

-evil people with mana
-witch has the capacity to do harm w/o even knowing they are a witch
-if a witch discovers they are a witch they are delighted

Front 317

What is the difference between witched and sorcerors?

Back 317

witched are genetically bad

Front 318

sorcerors

Back 318

-not genetic
-they have to learn how to do evil.
-involved with rituals and munipulating objects and spells
-voodoo dolls

Front 319

belief system

Back 319

-a set of shared common beliefs which explain the unexplainable; usually by postulating the existance of a supernatural realm of a non-human sense of order

Front 320

3 purposes of belief systems

Back 320

1. code of ethics-provide the outline of behavior

2. provide means of social control through supernatural rewards and punishment (somebody is watching you so monitor your own actions)
-provides a way to respond to crisis

Front 321

3 forms belief systems may take

Back 321

1. animistic

2. theistic

3. crisis adaptation

Front 322

animisitc

Back 322

-basic concept is that everything has spiritual essence
-about everything is equal

Front 323

theisitic

Back 323

-things are personified into gods/goddesses/deities
-Polytheistic-believe in more than one deity
-Monotheistic-single deity

Front 324

Chippewa

Gitchi Manitou

Back 324

-created the whole world and everything in it (monotheistic)
-also believe everything has a spirit (animistic) so they must overlap. thus the tribe must be classified based on the dominant are???.

Front 325

Crisis Adaptation

Back 325

a. millenarian movement
b. revitalization movement
c. cargo cult

Front 326

millenariam movement

Back 326

-occur in years ending in _000 or _00.
-based in concept of "Repent and repair, the end is near"
-predict the end of the world

Front 327

revitalization movement

Back 327

-occurs when a culture is threatened from the outside or has been conquered.
-"everything will get better if we go back to the old ways"

Front 328

cargo cult

Back 328

-kalahari bushmen with their coke bottle
-thought bottle came from the gods

Front 329

sacred

Back 329

-holy or pure

Front 330

profane

Back 330

-impure, polluted

Front 331

taboo

Back 331

forbidden, prohibited

Front 332

mana

Back 332

-supernatural power given to a person, place, or thing

Front 333

contagious principle

Back 333

-the assumption that "power comes from contact"
-things that were once in contact with someone can be used in rites and spells to make things happen to that person

Front 334

Imitative principle

Back 334

-"like produces like"
-if an objecct resembles a person and the sorcerer mutilates the object, then the same effect will happen to the person

Front 335

Law

Back 335

-a kind of social control characterized by the presence of authority, intention of universal application, obligation, and sanction

Front 336

totemism

Back 336

-a form of communal cult in which all memebers of a kin group have mystical relations with one or more natural objects form which they believe they are descended.