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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mass Wasting
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The downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the direct influence of gravity.
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Angle of Repose
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The steepest angle at which loose material remains stationary without sliding downslope.
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Fall
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A type of movement common to mass-wasting processes that refers to the free falling of detached individual pieces of any size.
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Flow
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A type of movement common to mass-wasting processes in which water-saturated material moves downslope as a viscous fluid.
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Slide
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A movement common to mass-wasting processes in which the material moving downslope remains fairly coherent and moves along a well-defined surface.
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Talus Slope
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Accumulation of rock debris at the bottom of a cliff. Also known as scree slope.
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Rockslide
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The rapid slide of a mass of rock downslope along planes of weakness.
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Slump
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The downward slipping of a mass of rock or unconsolidated material moving as a unit along a curved surface.
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Mudflow
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A relatively rapid type of mass wasting that involves a flow of soil and regolith containing a large amount of water.
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Earth Flow
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The downslope movement of water-saturated, clay-rich sediment. Most characteristic of humid regions.
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Creep
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The slow downhill movement of soil and regolith.
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Hydrologic Cycle
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The unending circulation of Earth's water supply. The cycle is powered by energy from the Sun and is characterized by continuous exchanges of water among the oceans, the atmosphere, and the continents.
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Drainage Basin
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The land area that contributes water to a stream.
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Gradient
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The slope of a stream; measured in ft/mile
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Discharge
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The quantity of water in a stream that passes a given point in a given period of time.
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Dissolved Load
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The portion of a stream's load carried in solution.
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Suspended Load
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The fine sediment carried within the body of flowing water or air.
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Bed Load
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Sediment rolled along the bottom of a stream by moving water, or particles rubbed along the ground surface by wind.
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Alluvium
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Unconsolidated sediment deposited by a stream.
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Meander
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A loop-like bend in the course of a stream.
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Point Bar
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A crescent-shaped accumulation of sand and gravel deposited on the inside of a meander.
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Oxbow Lake
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A curved lake produced when a stream cuts off a meander.
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Braided Stream
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A stream consisting of numerous intertwining channels.
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Base Level
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The level below which a stream cannot erode.
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Floodplain
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The flat, low-lying portion of a stream valley subject to periodic inundation.
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Delta
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An accumulation of sediment formed where a stream enters a lake or ocean.
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Incised Meander
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Meandering channel that flows in a steep, narrow valley. these meanders form either when an area is uplifted or wen base level drops.
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Natural levee
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The elevated landforms composed of alluvium that parallel some streams and act to confine their waters, except during flood stage.
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Alluvial Fan
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A fan-shaped deposit of sediment formed when a stream's slope is abruptly reduced.
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Dendritic Pattern
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A stream system that resembles the pattern of a branching tree.
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Radial Pattern
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A system of streams running in all directions away from a central elevated structure, such as a volcano.
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Trellis Pattern
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A system of streams in which nearly parallel tributaries occupy valleys cut in folded strata.
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Groundwater
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Water in the zone of saturation.
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Water table
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The upper level of the saturated zone of groundwater.
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Zone of saturation
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Zone where all open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water.
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Unsaturated Zone
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The area above the water table where openings in soil, sediment, and rock are not saturated with water but filled mostly with air.
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Porosity
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The volume of open spaces in rock or soil.
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Permeability
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A measure of a material's ability to transmit water.
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Aquifer
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Rock or sediment through which groundwater moves easily.
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Aquitard
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Impermeable layers which prohibit the flow of water.
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Hydraulic Gradient
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The slope of the water table.
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Hydraulic conductivity
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it is a coefficient that takes into account the permeability of the aquifer and the viscosity of the fluid.
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Spring
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A flow of groundwater that emerges naturally at the ground surface.
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Cone of Depression
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A cone-shaped depression immediately surrounding a well.
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Artesian System
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Well that naturally flows due the incline .
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Hot Spring
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A spring in which the water is 6-9 warmer than the mean annual air temperature of it locality.
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Geyser
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A fountain of hot water ejected periodically from the ground.
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Karst Topography
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A topography consisting of numerous depressions.
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Sinkhole
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A depression produced in a region where soluble rock has been removed by groundwater.
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Valley/Alpine Glacier
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A glacier confined to a mountain valley, which in most instances had previously been a stream valley.
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Continental Glacier
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A very large, thick mass of glacial ice flowing outward in all directions from one or more accumulation centers.
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Firn
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granular recrystallized snow
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Crevasse
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A deep crack in the brittle surface of a glacier.
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Zone of Accumulation
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The part of a glacier characterized by snow accumulation and ice formation.
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Zone of Wastage
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melting snow under the snow line
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Plucking
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The process by which pieces of bedrock are lifted out of place by a glacier.
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Glacial Striations
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Scratches and grooves on bedrock caused by glacial abrasion.
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Outwash Plain
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A relatively flat, gently sloping plain consisting of materials deposited by meltwater streams in front of the margin of an ice sheet.
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Hanging Valley
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A tributary valley that enters a glacial trough at a considerable height above the floor of the tough
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Fiord/Fjord
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A steep sided inlet of the sea formed when a glacial trough was partially submerged.
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Cirque
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An amphitheater-shaped basin at the head of a glaciated valley produced by frost wedging and plucking.
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Arete
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A narrow, knifelike ridge separating two adjacent glaciated valleys.
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Horn
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A pyramidlike peak formed by glacial action in three or more cirques surrounding a mountain summit.
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Roche Moutonnee
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Look at Roche Moutonee in the book
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Till
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Unsorted sediment deposited directly by a glacier.
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Stratified Drift
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Sediments deposited by glacial melt water.
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Pleistocene Epoch
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Time of extensive continental ice sheets.
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Glacial Erratic
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An ice-transported boulder that was not derived from the bedrock near its present site.
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Lateral Moraine
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A ridge of till along the sides of a valley glacier composed primarily of debris that fell to the glacier from the valley walls.
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Medial Moraine
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A ridge of till formed when lateral moraines from two coalescing valley glaciers join.
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End Moraine
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A ridge of till marking a former position of the front of the glacier.
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Ground Moraine
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An undulating layer of till deposited as the ice front retreats.
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Drumlin
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A streamlined asymmetrical hill composed of glacial till. the steep side of the hill faces the direction from which the ice advanced.
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Esker
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Sinuous ridge composed largely of sand gravel deposited by a stream flowing in a tunnel beneath a glacier near its terminus.
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Kettle
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Depressions created when blocks of ice become lodged in glacial deposits and subsequently melt.
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