Geology Test 1 Review

Front 1

Intrusions

Back 1

Bodies of igneous rock that crystallize or solidify belows earths surface

Front 2

Intrusions classified by

Back 2

Size, shape, depth of crystallization, concordance

Front 3

Stock

Back 3

stock is a portion of a batholith that bulges upward.

Front 4

Laccolith

Back 4

Dome shaped intrusion

Front 5

Lopolith

Back 5

Funnel shaped intrusion

Front 6

Batholith

Back 6

enormous mass of intrusive igneous rock, that is, rock made of once-molten material that has solidified below the earth's surface

Front 7

Sill

Back 7

Tabular, concordant intrusion

Front 8

Dyke

Back 8

Tabular, disconcordant intrusion

Front 9

Volcanic Neck

Back 9

Intrusion - Solidified lava in the throat of a volcano - after erosion leaves intrusion

Front 10

Baked Zone

Back 10

Area on outside of intrusion - country rock that has baked - close to chilled margin

Front 11

Chilled Margin

Back 11

Area on very inside of intrusion that has cooled - close to baked zone

Front 12

Xenoliths

Back 12

A xenolith is a foreign crystal in an igneous rock or intrusion

Front 13

Plutons

Back 13

Deep Intrusions

Front 14

Viscocity

Back 14

Stickiness of a fluid - more viscous - less movement

Front 15

What controls magma viscosity

Back 15

Compostion & temp - more silica - higher viscocity - more heat - less viscocity

Front 16

Bang in Magma

Back 16

Gas in the magma

Front 17

Gas escapes easier from high or low viscocity

Back 17

Low

Front 18

Shallow intrusion

Back 18

Volcanic neck, dykes, sills

Front 19

Deep Intrusions (plutons)

Back 19

Shape - Laccoliths, lopoliths, Size - batholith or stock

Front 20

Extrusions

Back 20

Magma break through earths surface - mostly basalt

Front 21

When magma & Lava cool they form

Back 21

Igneous rocks - most of the earth's surface is igneous rocks

Front 22

ID of igneous Rock based on

Back 22

Texture & composition - Texture - grain size - size, shape & arrangement of crystals, composition of the minerals

Front 23

Pegmatitic

Back 23

Very big crystals

Front 24

Phaneritic

Back 24

easy to see crystals

Front 25

Porphyritic

Back 25

Larger crystals surrounded by smaller crystals

Front 26

Aphanitic

Back 26

small, hard to see crystals

Front 27

Glassy

Back 27

No crystals - looks like glass

Front 28

Vesucular

Back 28

has a hole bunch of little holes in it

Front 29

Frothy or Cellular

Back 29

like root beer foam

Front 30

Composition of Igneous Rocks

Back 30

% Silica - Ultra Mafic <45, Mafic, Intermediate, Felsic >65

Front 31

Sediment

Back 31

name for loose particles that originate from erosion of preexisting rocks & chemical precipitation

Front 32

Chemical Precipitation

Back 32

chemicals that were once dissolved -then fall out of solution as sediment

Front 33

Gravel

Back 33

> 2mm

Front 34

Sand

Back 34

>1/16 - 2mm

Front 35

Silt

Back 35

1/256 - 1/16mm - grainy

Front 36

Extrusions

Back 36

< 1/256 - smooth

Front 37

Transportation of Sediment

Back 37

water, wind, ice/glaciers, people

Front 38

Results of Transportation

Back 38

Rounding & sorting

Front 39

Well sorted sediment

Back 39

usually transported by water or wind

Front 40

Poorly sorted sediment

Back 40

Matrix or clast supported

Front 41

Lithification

Back 41

pressure that converts loose sediment into rock

Front 42

3 methods of turning loose sediment into rock

Back 42

3 C's - Compaction, Cementation, Crystallization - (calcite & silica are the glue)

Front 43

Oolitic limestone

Back 43

Oolites are specs of matter (often organic) that have been coated in limestone to form a small limestone grain

Front 44

Types of Sedimentary Rocks

Back 44

Clastic, Chemical, organic

Front 45

Clastic Sedimentary rock

Back 45

Sedemetary that is made up of little bits of other rocks

Front 46

Chemical Sedimentary rock

Back 46

Formed from the precipitation out of solution - gypsum, rock salt

Front 47

Organic Sedimentary rock

Back 47

Derived from the remains of living things

Front 48

Rock

Back 48

A natural aggregate of minerals - several minerals in a rock

Front 49

Pressure Melting temp of rock

Back 49

If you increase pressure on a rock - melting temp increases

Front 50

Bowens Reaction Series

Back 50

Page 66

Front 51

Pahoehoe

Back 51

Ropy texture on top

Front 52

aa

Back 52

blocky - square rocks look on top

Front 53

Pillow lava

Back 53

Always forms under water

Front 54

Pyroclastic

Back 54

very hot gasses, ashes, country rock

Front 55

Bombs or blocks

Back 55

> 64 mm

Front 56

Lapilli

Back 56

2 mm to 64 mm

Front 57

Ash

Back 57

< 2 mm

Front 58

Lahar

Back 58

Volcanic mudflow

Front 59

Flood basalts volcano

Back 59

largest volcanic eruption based on volume - comes out of central vent - can flow for miles - Siberian Traps

Front 60

Shield volcano

Back 60

Looks like a shield - basalt - successive lava flows built on each previous layer - 10X broad as is tall - Hawaiian Islands

Front 61

Cynder cones

Back 61

Result of a single eruption - gas rich basalt - not violent but not seeping lava either - ex Paricutin

Front 62

Stratovolcano or Composite

Back 62

Alternates between Pyroclastic & lava flow - mt Ranier or Mt St Helens

Front 63

Caldera

Back 63

form by collapse of rock into empty magma chamber - removes top part of volcano - Vesuvius

Front 64

Volcanic Dome

Back 64

lava so sticky it can't travel far - oozes from vent - can plug up the vent-pressure builds-then pyroclastic eruption

Front 65

Predicting Volcanic eruptions

Back 65

Earthquakes, gas emissions, bulge & tilt

Front 66

Direct lahar

Back 66

eruption melts snowcap

Front 67

Indirect lahar

Back 67

rain falls on previously laid debris

Front 68

Toxic gas from volcana

Back 68

Carbon Dioxide

Front 69

Hazards from Lava

Back 69

Moves slowly, follows predictable path, mostly dangerous to structures & stupid people

Front 70

Hazards from Pyroclastics

Back 70

Cloud of pyroclastics (rocks, gas & ash),very hot, very fast- fallout(ash) - collapse roofs of structures, respiratory problems, air traffic

Front 71

Lava types

Back 71

BAR - Basalt, Andesite, Rhyolite - 50, 60, 70 % Silica, least viscous to most viscous, hottest to coolest

Front 72

Minerals- 4 things to be considered mineral

Back 72

Solid, Crystalline, Definite Chemical Composition, Naturally formed

Front 73

Classification of Minerals

Back 73

Silicates, non silicates

Front 74

Mohs hardness scale

Back 74

2.5 fingernail, 5.5 glass or knife

Front 75

Hypothesis

Back 75

Any idea or model that needs to be tested

Front 76

Theory

Back 76

Accepted hytpothesis - a hypothesis which has been tested w/o being proved wrong

Front 77

Law

Back 77

A fact that is always true

Front 78

Element

Back 78

substance that can't be broken down into a simpler substance through ordinary means

Front 79

Atom

Back 79

Smallest particle that exist as an element

Front 80

Parts of an atom

Back 80

Protons, neutrons, electrons,

Front 81

Ion

Back 81

An atom with a charge

Front 82

Bonding

Back 82

Ionic - opposites attract - covalent - sharing electrons

Front 83

Atomic number

Back 83

Number of protons in nucleus

Front 84

Atomic mass

Back 84

Total # of protons plus total # of neutrons