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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Intrusions
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Bodies of igneous rock that crystallize or solidify belows earths surface
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Intrusions classified by
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Size, shape, depth of crystallization, concordance
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Stock
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stock is a portion of a batholith that bulges upward.
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Laccolith
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Dome shaped intrusion
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Lopolith
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Funnel shaped intrusion
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Batholith
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enormous mass of intrusive igneous rock, that is, rock made of once-molten material that has solidified below the earth's surface
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Sill
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Tabular, concordant intrusion
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Dyke
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Tabular, disconcordant intrusion
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Volcanic Neck
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Intrusion - Solidified lava in the throat of a volcano - after erosion leaves intrusion
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Baked Zone
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Area on outside of intrusion - country rock that has baked - close to chilled margin
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Chilled Margin
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Area on very inside of intrusion that has cooled - close to baked zone
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Xenoliths
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A xenolith is a foreign crystal in an igneous rock or intrusion
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Plutons
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Deep Intrusions
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Viscocity
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Stickiness of a fluid - more viscous - less movement
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What controls magma viscosity
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Compostion & temp - more silica - higher viscocity - more heat - less viscocity
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Bang in Magma
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Gas in the magma
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Gas escapes easier from high or low viscocity
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Low
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Shallow intrusion
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Volcanic neck, dykes, sills
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Deep Intrusions (plutons)
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Shape - Laccoliths, lopoliths, Size - batholith or stock
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Extrusions
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Magma break through earths surface - mostly basalt
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When magma & Lava cool they form
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Igneous rocks - most of the earth's surface is igneous rocks
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ID of igneous Rock based on
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Texture & composition - Texture - grain size - size, shape & arrangement of crystals, composition of the minerals
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Pegmatitic
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Very big crystals
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Phaneritic
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easy to see crystals
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Porphyritic
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Larger crystals surrounded by smaller crystals
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Aphanitic
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small, hard to see crystals
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Glassy
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No crystals - looks like glass
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Vesucular
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has a hole bunch of little holes in it
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Frothy or Cellular
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like root beer foam
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Composition of Igneous Rocks
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% Silica - Ultra Mafic <45, Mafic, Intermediate, Felsic >65
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Sediment
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name for loose particles that originate from erosion of preexisting rocks & chemical precipitation
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Chemical Precipitation
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chemicals that were once dissolved -then fall out of solution as sediment
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Gravel
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> 2mm
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Sand
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>1/16 - 2mm
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Silt
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1/256 - 1/16mm - grainy
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Extrusions
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< 1/256 - smooth
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Transportation of Sediment
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water, wind, ice/glaciers, people
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Results of Transportation
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Rounding & sorting
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Well sorted sediment
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usually transported by water or wind
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Poorly sorted sediment
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Matrix or clast supported
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Lithification
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pressure that converts loose sediment into rock
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3 methods of turning loose sediment into rock
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3 C's - Compaction, Cementation, Crystallization - (calcite & silica are the glue)
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Oolitic limestone
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Oolites are specs of matter (often organic) that have been coated in limestone to form a small limestone grain
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Types of Sedimentary Rocks
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Clastic, Chemical, organic
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Clastic Sedimentary rock
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Sedemetary that is made up of little bits of other rocks
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Chemical Sedimentary rock
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Formed from the precipitation out of solution - gypsum, rock salt
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Organic Sedimentary rock
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Derived from the remains of living things
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Rock
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A natural aggregate of minerals - several minerals in a rock
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Pressure Melting temp of rock
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If you increase pressure on a rock - melting temp increases
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Bowens Reaction Series
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Page 66
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Pahoehoe
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Ropy texture on top
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aa
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blocky - square rocks look on top
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Pillow lava
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Always forms under water
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Pyroclastic
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very hot gasses, ashes, country rock
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Bombs or blocks
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> 64 mm
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Lapilli
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2 mm to 64 mm
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Ash
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< 2 mm
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Lahar
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Volcanic mudflow
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Flood basalts volcano
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largest volcanic eruption based on volume - comes out of central vent - can flow for miles - Siberian Traps
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Shield volcano
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Looks like a shield - basalt - successive lava flows built on each previous layer - 10X broad as is tall - Hawaiian Islands
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Cynder cones
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Result of a single eruption - gas rich basalt - not violent but not seeping lava either - ex Paricutin
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Stratovolcano or Composite
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Alternates between Pyroclastic & lava flow - mt Ranier or Mt St Helens
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Caldera
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form by collapse of rock into empty magma chamber - removes top part of volcano - Vesuvius
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Volcanic Dome
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lava so sticky it can't travel far - oozes from vent - can plug up the vent-pressure builds-then pyroclastic eruption
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Predicting Volcanic eruptions
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Earthquakes, gas emissions, bulge & tilt
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Direct lahar
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eruption melts snowcap
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Indirect lahar
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rain falls on previously laid debris
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Toxic gas from volcana
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Carbon Dioxide
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Hazards from Lava
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Moves slowly, follows predictable path, mostly dangerous to structures & stupid people
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Hazards from Pyroclastics
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Cloud of pyroclastics (rocks, gas & ash),very hot, very fast- fallout(ash) - collapse roofs of structures, respiratory problems, air traffic
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Lava types
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BAR - Basalt, Andesite, Rhyolite - 50, 60, 70 % Silica, least viscous to most viscous, hottest to coolest
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Minerals- 4 things to be considered mineral
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Solid, Crystalline, Definite Chemical Composition, Naturally formed
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Classification of Minerals
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Silicates, non silicates
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Mohs hardness scale
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2.5 fingernail, 5.5 glass or knife
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Hypothesis
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Any idea or model that needs to be tested
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Theory
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Accepted hytpothesis - a hypothesis which has been tested w/o being proved wrong
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Law
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A fact that is always true
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Element
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substance that can't be broken down into a simpler substance through ordinary means
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Atom
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Smallest particle that exist as an element
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Parts of an atom
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Protons, neutrons, electrons,
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Ion
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An atom with a charge
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Bonding
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Ionic - opposites attract - covalent - sharing electrons
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Atomic number
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Number of protons in nucleus
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Atomic mass
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Total # of protons plus total # of neutrons
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