Geology Test 1

Front 1

Define Geology

Back 1

The science that studies: Earth materials, Earth's history, Earth's processes.

Front 2

What is the roll of geology in society? (Sub-Disciplines)

Back 2

Mineralogy
Petrology
Structural Geology
Sedimentology
Paleontology
Geochemistry
Geophysics
Seismology
Geomorphology
Economic Geology
Petroleum Geology

Front 3

Parts of an atom include

Back 3

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons, Nucleus

Front 4

Define Ion, Cation, and Anion

Back 4

Ions - atoms with excess positive or negative charge (gain or loss of electrons from the outermost shell).
- Ions dissolved in water will combine to form compounds.
Cations (positive charge, lose electrons) Ca+
Anions (negative charge, gain electrons) CO¬3 -

Front 5

Define Isotope

Back 5

Isotopes - elements with different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus

Front 6

Types of Bonds

Back 6

1. Van der Waals weakest bond- weak attraction. (Graphite)
2. Ionic - transfer of electrons between cations and anions. Sodium Chloride (salt), NaCl
3. Covalent strongest bond- electrons are shared between atoms. Oxygen (O2)
4. Metallic - electrons are shared but move about freely between ions making metallic minerals good conductors of electricity (copper, gold)

Front 7

How does bond strength relate to mineral hardness?

Back 7

The stronger the bond the harder the mineral.

Front 8

What are the most common elements on Earth, by weight? (8)

Back 8

1. Oxygen 47%
2. Silicon 28%
3. Aluminum 18%
4. Iron 5%
5. Calcium 4%
6. Magnesium 3%
7. Sodium 3%
8. Potassium 2%

Front 9

What are the requirements a substance must meet to be a mineral? (NISCO)

Back 9

1. Naturally formed
2. Inorganic Processes
3. Soild
4. Chemical Composition (specific)
5. Orderly internal structure

Front 10

Know about the mineral properties

Back 10

Cleavage, crystal form, hardness, streak, density, color, luster.

Front 11

What is the Mohs hardness scale, in general?

Back 11

this scale is used to determine the RELATIVE hardness of minerals helps in their identification. (NO UNITS)

Front 12

Define Rock, Talus, and Freeze

Back 12

Rock- a coherent, naturally occurring solid, consisting of an aggregate of one or more minerals, or a mass of natural glass or organic matter.

Talus- a rock slope, a pile that accumulates at the base of a mountain (the pile consists of rocks that have been physically weathered).

Freeze- Liquid to a solid. The changing of a state of matter.

Front 13

Define Plutonic and Volcanic

Back 13

•Plutonic – cools underground
•Volcanic – cools above ground

Front 14

Define Aphanitic and Phaneritic

Back 14

Aphanitic- Rapid Cooling/ Small Crystals
Phaneritic- Slow Cooling/ Large Crystals

Front 15

Define Magma and Lava

Back 15

1. Magma – molten material below the Earth's surface.
2. Lava – molten material above the Earth's surface.

Front 16

Define Intrusive and Extrusive

Back 16

•Intrusive (plutonic) rock – cools and solidifies below the Earth's surface.
•Extrusive (volcanic) rock – cools and solidifies above the Earth's surface.

Front 17

Define Mafic and Felsic/Silicic

Back 17

•Mafic – low SiO2; high iron and magnesium
•Felsic/Silicic – high SiO2; low iron and magnesium

Front 18

Define Viscosity and Texture

Back 18

Viscosity- resistance to flow [honey=high & water=low]

Texture – overall appearance, related to size, shape, and arrangement of minerals.
Texture is related to cooling history of an igneous rock, not its chemistry.

Front 19

What are the sources of heat that cause rocks to melt?

Back 19

Radioactive Decay, Residual Heat

Front 20

What factors control melting? (3)

Back 20

Temperature, Pressure, Water Content

Front 21

What is the name for a non-explosive volcano? and an explosive volcano?

Back 21

Non-Explosive (Shield Volcano)
Explosive (Strato/Composite Volcanoes)

Front 22

Why are some volcanoes explosive while others are not?

Back 22

Explosive if high viscosity, (high silica content)

Front 23

What is the most dangerous thing associated with volcanoes?

Back 23

Pyroclastic flow

Front 24

What are the types of Earth material associated with volcanoes?

Back 24

Volcanoes occur when magma (melted rock) from within the Earth's crust reaches the Earth's surface, and are generally located along the boundaries of tectonic plates

Front 25

What are the main types of weathering?

Back 25

Chemical and Mechanical

Front 26

What are the different types of mechanical weathering? (5)

Back 26

Frost Wedging, Salt Wedging, Biological Wedging, Unloading, Thermal Expansion

Front 27

What are the different types of chemical weathering? (3)

Back 27

Ion Exchange, Dissolution, Oxidation

Front 28

What are the factors which influence the rate of weathering?

Back 28

Rock Structure, Topography, and Climate

Front 29

Define regolith and soil

Back 29

Regolith – blanket of loose, weathered rock debris covering unweathered bedrock.
Soil- can form on top of regolith

Front 30

How does water transport material? (3)

Back 30

Saltation, Bed Load, Suspended Load

Front 31

How does wind transport material? (3)

Back 31

Saltation, Bed Load, Suspended Load

Front 32

True or False: ice can sort material during transport?

Back 32

False; only water and wind can sort material.

Front 33

How do rock striations differ from mineral striation?

Back 33

Rocks = Huge Striations
Minerals = Small Striations

Front 34

Which theory is described as: This theory was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915 and includes a series of observations, but fails to identify the mechanism which created these observable features. Wegener proposed that the Earth’s surface was dynamic and that land masses moved around and interacted. He hypothesized that at some time in the past, all land masses were assembled into a super-continent which he named Pangaea.

Back 34

The Continental Drift theory.

Front 35

What are the lines of evidence supporting the Continental Drift theory? (5)

Back 35

1. Matching Coastlines
2. Matching Geology
3. Glacial Striations
4. Fossil Evidence
5. Apparent Polar Wandering

Front 36

Which theory is described as: This theory was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915 and includes a series of observations, but fails to identify the mechanism which created these observable features. Wegener proposed that the Earth’s surface was dynamic and that land masses moved around and interacted. He hypothesized that at some time in the past, all land masses were assembled into a super-continent which he named Pangaea.

Back 36

The Continental Drift theory.

Front 37

What was Pangaea?

Back 37

The hypothesis that at some time in the past, all land masses were assembled into a super-continent named Pangaea.

Front 38

What are the lines of evidence supporting the Continental Drift theory? (5)

Back 38

1. Matching Coastlines
2. Matching Geology
3. Glacial Striations
4. Fossil Evidence
5. Apparent Polar Wandering

Front 39

Which theory is described as: This theory was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915 and includes a series of observations, but fails to identify the mechanism which created these observable features. Wegener proposed that the Earth’s surface was dynamic and that land masses moved around and interacted. He hypothesized that at some time in the past, all land masses were assembled into a super-continent which he named Pangaea.

Back 39

The Continental Drift theory.

Front 40

What theory is described as: This theory brings together the Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading theories and explains many of the landforms we see on the Earth’s surface and the processes which formed them.

Back 40

Plate Tectonics- The Unifying Theory

Front 41

What was Pangaea?

Back 41

The hypothesis that at some time in the past, all land masses were assembled into a super-continent named Pangaea.

Front 42

What is the driving force behind Plate Tectonics?

Back 42

Radioactive Decay

Front 43

What are the lines of evidence supporting the Continental Drift theory? (5)

Back 43

1. Matching Coastlines
2. Matching Geology
3. Glacial Striations
4. Fossil Evidence
5. Apparent Polar Wandering

Front 44

Which is older, oceanic or continental crust?

Back 44

Continental Crust

Front 45

What was Pangaea?

Back 45

The hypothesis that at some time in the past, all land masses were assembled into a super-continent named Pangaea.

Front 46

Describe Divergent Plate Boundaries

Back 46

1. Continental - rift valleys. These rifts form as the Earth begins to open beneath the continental land.
2. Ocean - mid-oceanic ridge / spreading sea floor. At divergent boundaries new crust is created as two or more plates pull away from each other. Oceans are born and grow wider where plates diverge or pull apart.

Front 47

What theory is described as: This theory brings together the Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading theories and explains many of the landforms we see on the Earth’s surface and the processes which formed them.

Back 47

Plate Tectonics- The Unifying Theory

Front 48

What theory is described as: This theory brings together the Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading theories and explains many of the landforms we see on the Earth’s surface and the processes which formed them.

Back 48

Plate Tectonics- The Unifying Theory

Front 49

Describe Convergent Plate Boundaries

Back 49

Oceanic-Continental (ex// Andes Mts.)
Oceanic-Oceanic (ex// Japan, Philippines)
Continental-Continental (ex// Himalaya Mts.)

Front 50

What is the driving force behind Plate Tectonics?

Back 50

Radioactive Decay

Front 51

What is the driving force behind Plate Tectonics?

Back 51

Radioactive Decay

Front 52

Describe Transform Plate Boundaries

Back 52

The Earth's crust is moving in opposing directions (like North and South) causing a Transform fault to occur (ex// San Andreas Fault)

Front 53

Which is older, oceanic or continental crust?

Back 53

Continental Crust

Front 54

Which is older, oceanic or continental crust?

Back 54

Continental Crust

Front 55

Describe Divergent Plate Boundaries

Back 55

1. Continental - rift valleys. These rifts form as the Earth begins to open beneath the continental land.
2. Ocean - mid-oceanic ridge / spreading sea floor. At divergent boundaries new crust is created as two or more plates pull away from each other. Oceans are born and grow wider where plates diverge or pull apart.

Front 56

How and where are rift valleys formed?

Back 56

Formed from divergent plate boundaries within continental crust.

Front 57

Describe Divergent Plate Boundaries

Back 57

1. Continental - rift valleys. These rifts form as the Earth begins to open beneath the continental land.
2. Ocean - mid-oceanic ridge / spreading sea floor. At divergent boundaries new crust is created as two or more plates pull away from each other. Oceans are born and grow wider where plates diverge or pull apart.

Front 58

Describe Convergent Plate Boundaries

Back 58

Oceanic-Continental (ex// Andes Mts.) EXPLOSIVE
Oceanic-Oceanic (ex// Japan, Philippines) LAND FORMS
Continental-Continental (ex// Himalaya Mts.) NON-EXPLOSIVE

Front 59

Describe Convergent Plate Boundaries

Back 59

Oceanic-Continental (ex// Andes Mts.) [EXPLOSIVE]
Oceanic-Oceanic (ex// Japan, Philippines) [LAND FORMS]
Continental-Continental (ex// Himalaya Mts.) [NON-EXPLOSIVE]

Front 60

Describe Transform Plate Boundaries

Back 60

The Earth's crust is moving in opposing directions (like North and South) causing a Transform fault to occur (ex// San Andreas Fault)

Front 61

Describe Transform Plate Boundaries

Back 61

The Earth's crust is moving in opposing directions (like North and South) causing a Transform fault to occur (ex// San Andreas Fault)

Front 62

How and where are rift valleys formed?

Back 62

Formed from divergent plate boundaries within continental crust.

Front 63

How and where are rift valleys formed?

Back 63

Formed from divergent plate boundaries within continental crust.

Front 64

An example of a Phaneritic. Plutonic, Intrusive, Silicic/Felsic rock is
(Coarse Grained/ Light Colored)

Back 64

Granite

Front 65

An example of a Phaneritic. Plutonic, Intrusive, Intermediate rock is
(Coarse Grained)

Back 65

Diorite

Front 66

An example of a Phaneritic. Plutonic, Intrusive Mafic rock is
(Coarse Grained/ Dark Colored)

Back 66

Gabbro

Front 67

An example of a Aphanitic, Volcanic, Extrusive, Felsic/Silicic rock is
(Fine Grained/ Light Colored)

Back 67

Rhyolite

Front 68

An example of a Aphanitic, Volcanic, Extrusive, Intermediate rock is
(Fine Grained)

Back 68

Andesite

Front 69

An example of a Aphanitic, Volcanic, Extrusive, Mafic rock is
(Fine Grained/ Dark Colored)

Back 69

Basalt

Front 70

True or False: a volcanic rock has fine crystals

Back 70

True

Front 71

True or False: a plutonic rock has coarse crystals

Back 71

True

Front 72

True of False: a volcanic rock can also be called an extrusive rock

Back 72

True

Front 73

True or False: a plutonic rock can also be called an intrusive rock

Back 73

True

Front 74

True or False: as pressure increases, temperature decreases

Back 74

False; there is a direct relationship between temperature and pressure. As pressure increases, temperature increases.

Front 75

True or False: Dark Minerals form first

Back 75

True

Front 76

True or False: Light Minerals form last

Back 76

True

Front 77

True or False: Light Minerals melt last

Back 77

False; Light Minerals melt first

Front 78

True or False: Dark Minerals melt first

Back 78

False; Dark Minerals melt last

Front 79

What are the top two most common elements on Earth?

Back 79

Oxygen and Silicon

Front 80

True or False: a Silicic/Felsic rock is light in color

Back 80

True

Front 81

Is a Mafic rock Low or High in SiO2?

Back 81

Low.

Front 82

True or False: a Phaneritic rock is Fine grained

Back 82

False; a phaneritic rock is Coarse grained.

Front 83

True or False: a Phaneritic rock cooled slowly from magma

Back 83

True

Front 84

True or False: a Phaneritic rock can also be known as a Volcanic rock

Back 84

False; a Phaneritic rock can also be known as a Plutonic rock

Front 85

True or False: an Aphanitic rock cooled rapidly from lava

Back 85

True

Front 86

True or False: an Aphanitic rock can also be known as an Extrusive rock

Back 86

True

Front 87

True or False: an Aphanitic rock is Coarse Grained

Back 87

False; an Aphanitic rock is Fine Grained

Front 88

True or False: a Mafic rock is High in Fe/Mg

Back 88

True

Front 89

True or False: Mafic minerals Form First and Melt Last

Back 89

True

Front 90

True or False: Silicic/Felsic minerals Form Last and Melt First

Back 90

True

Front 91

Benefits of Weathering include:

Back 91

Creates Soil and Produces Clay, Sand, Gravel, and Minerals.

Front 92

True or False: a Cation has a positive charge

Back 92

True

Front 93

True or False: an Anion has a negative charge

Back 93

True

Front 94

True or False: In order for an ion to have a positive charge it must gain electrons

Back 94

False; in order for an ion to have a positive charge it must LOSE electrons (therefore becoming less negative)

Front 95

True or False: In order for an ion to have a negative charge it must lose electrons

Back 95

False; in order for an ion to have a negative charge it must GAIN electrons (therefore becoming more negative)

Front 96

True or False: Adding more Neutrons to an isotope will change the atomic weight, but will not change the actual element

Back 96

True

Front 97

True or False: Rain water is naturally acidic

Back 97

True