Geology Rock And Mineral Identification

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G - Giga

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1 Billion

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M - Mega

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1 Million

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k – Kilo

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1 Thousand

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h - hecto

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1 Hundred

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da - deca

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Ten

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d – deci

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.1 – tenth

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c – centi

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.01 – hundredth

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m – milli

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.001 – thousandth

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u – micro

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.000001 – millionth

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n – nano

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.000000001 – billionth

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Fahrenheit to Celsius

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F = 1.8C+32 C=(F-32)/1.8

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Celsius to Kelvin

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K=C+273

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Astronomical Units (AU)

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Distance of earth from sun 1AU = 150 Million Km

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Light-years – (LY)

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distance light to travels in a vacuum in one year

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Density

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Mass/Volume g/cm3

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Specific gravity

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ratio of mass at given volume of a substance to given volume of water at 4C

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Scientific Inquiry Steps

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-Establish hypothesis
-Gather Data
-Accept, modify or reject hypothesis

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Mineral definition

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-Naturally occurring
-Inorganic solid at earth’s temperature
-Orderly crystal structure
-Can be represented by chemical formula

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Optical properties of Mineral

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Luster, ability to transmit light, streak

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Luster of mineral

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metallic, non metallic, vitreous (glassy), dull (earthy), pearly

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Ability to transmit light

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opaque, translucent, transparent

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Streak

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mark left when a mineral is scratched against a streak plate – color and softness

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Crystal Shape, or habit

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bladed (flat, long), fiborous, tabular (tablet shaped), granular, blocky (square), banded (layered)

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Mineral Strength

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Tenacity, hardness, cleavage, fracture

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Tenacity

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minerals resistance to breakage/deformation
-Brittle
-Malleable
-Sectile

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Fracture

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Irregular
Splintery
Conchoidal (smooth curved surfaces resembling broken glass)

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What are rocks?

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Aggregates of two or more minerals/other rocks

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Three Groupings of rocks

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Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic

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texture

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shape, arrangement and size of mineral grains

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Composition

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abundance and type of minerals

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Textures of igneous rock

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-Coarse-grained (phaneritic)
-Fine-grained (aphanitic)
-Porphyritic
-Glassy
-Fragmental or Pyroclastic
-Vesicular– porous

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Phaneritic

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Coarse Grained texture (igneous)

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Amphanitic

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Fine Grained texture (igneous)

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Porphyritic

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(igneous) Texture resulting from materials cooling at two different temperatures – 2 different sized crystals
• Phenocrysts
• Groundmass or matrix

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Fragmental or Pyroclastic

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Igneous Texture – has ash, molten blobs and/or angular blocks torn from wall of vent into air during eruption

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Vesicular

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Igneous Texture - porous

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Composition of igneous rocks

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-Felsic
-Andesitic
-Mafic
-Utra Mafic

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Two Principal Sources of Sedimentary rock

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Detritial or chemical

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Compositions of Sedimentary Rocks

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-Clay minerals
-Quartz
-Calcite
-Evaporite Minerals

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Sedimentary Textures

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Clastic and non-clastic

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Clastic

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discrete particles that are cemented or compacted together

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Nonclastic

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crystalline, minerals that form patterns of interlocking crystals – mostly halite, gypsum, calcite

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Detrital Sedimentary Rocks

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consist of mineral grains or rock fragments derived from mechanical or chemical weathering

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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

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product of precipitated minerals

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Metamorphic Textures

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Folliated or non-folliated

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Foliated Textures

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- Slaty
- Phyllite
- Schistosity
-Gneissic

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Slaty (Metamorphic)

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Metamorphic texture where minerals are closely spaced flat - layered

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Phyllite (Metamorphic)

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Metamorphic texture where mica crystals increase in size

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Schistosity (Metamorphic)

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Metamorphic texture where scaling/layering of glittering platy crystalline materials (mainly mica)

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Gneissic (Metamorphic)

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Metamorphic texture where light and dark minerals separate

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Non-folliated textures

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-Coarse Grained
-Fine Grained

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Metaconglomerates

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Metamorphic Rock (stretched pebbles)

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Porphyoblasts

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large crystals in metamorphic rocks