Geology Quiz 2 Workssheet Review

Front 1

Crystallization

Back 1

The formation of a solid mineral from a gas or liquid whose constituent atoms come together in the proper chemical proportions and ordered three dimensional arrangement

Front 2

What are the 4 types of chemical bonds and what is the basis for each of these bonds?

What is the strongest and what is the weakest?

Back 2

1 Covalent Strongest
2 Ionic
3 Metallic
4 VanderWaals Weakest

Front 3

What are the 3 most common elements in the earth's crust

Back 3

Silicon, Oxygen, Aluminium

Front 4

What is a polymorph

Back 4

Alternative structure formed from the same chemical compoud

Front 5

What do the terms silicon silica and silicate mean?

Back 5

Silicon = Si
Silica = SiO2
Silicate = SiO4

Front 6

What is a mineral?

Back 6

A Naturally occurring, Solid Crystalline substance with specific chemical structure usually inorganic.

Front 7

What are silicates?

Back 7

Most abundant class of minerals in the crust and are composed of Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O)

Front 8

What is a silica tetrahedron

Back 8

Pyramidal structure with 4 triangular sides

Front 9

What is a bridging oxygen? what is a non-bridging oxygen

Back 9

Bridging oxygen Bonds 2 silicon atoms where as Non Bridgeing oxygen will bond to one and then another Cation

Front 10

What different shapes do groups of silica tetrahedral take on in different silicate minerals?

Back 10

Isolated Tetrahedron
-1 Plane
SIngle Chain
-2 planes at 90degrees apart
Double Chain
-2 planes at 60and120degrees apart
Sheets
-1 Plane
3D Framework
-2 planes at 90degrees

Front 11

What minerals are in quarts

Back 11

SiO2

Front 12

What minerals are in Plagioclase feldspar

Most common mineral in earth's crust

Back 12

NaAlSi3O8 or CaAl2Si2O8

Front 13

What minerals are in Olivine

Most Common in mineral in upper mantle

Back 13

Mg2SiO4 or Fe2SiO4

Front 14

Glassy Materials

Back 14

Materials that solidify from liquid so rapidly that they lack any internal atomic order

Front 15

Grains

Back 15

When Crystals grow over each other and from a mass of crystals

Front 16

Carbonates

Back 16

Mineral Composed of CO3

Front 17

Oxides

Back 17

Mineral Composed of Oxygen

Front 18

Sulfides

Back 18

Mineral Composed of the sulfide anion (S)

Front 19

Sulfates

Back 19

Mineral Composed of SO4

Front 20

Hardness

Back 20

A measure of how easy with which the surface of a mineral can be scratched
-Based on bond strength

Front 21

Cleavage

Back 21

The tendency of a crystal to split along a planer surface
-High bond strength=Bad cleavage

Front 22

Fracture

Back 22

The tendency of a crystal to break on an irregular surface
-Dictated by bond strength distribution over cleavage planes

Front 23

Conchoidal Fracture

Back 23

Smooth Fracture

Front 24

fibrous/slintery

Back 24

fracture splinters irregularly

Front 25

Luster

Back 25

The way/ability that a mineral reflects light

Front 26

Trace Element

Back 26

a mineral that occupies 0.1% or less is called a trace element

Front 27

Specific Gravity

Back 27

The weight of a mineral divided by the weight of an equal volume of pure water at 4degrees Celsius

Front 28

Rock

Back 28

Naturally occuring solid aggregate of minerals or in some cases non mineral solid matter

Front 29

texture

Back 29

describes the size and shape of a rock's mineral crystals or grains and they way they're arranged

Front 30

Igneous Rock

Back 30

Rockes formed by solidification of molten rock

Front 31

Intrusive Igneous Rock

Back 31

Crystallizes when magma cools in an open pocket deep INSIDE the earth

Front 32

Extrusive

Back 32

Crystallizes when magma is shot to the surface

Front 33

Sedimentary Rock

Back 33

Rocks formed due to surface processes on earth

Front 34

Weathering

Back 34

All chemical or physical processes that break up and decay rocks into fragments and dissolved substances

Front 35

Erosion

Back 35

Processes that loosen soil and rock and move them to where they're deposited as layers of sediment

Front 36

Siliciclastic Sediment

Back 36

Made of physically deposited particles (sand and dirt)

Front 37

Chemical bad biological Sediments

Back 37

New chemical substances that form by precipitation when some of a rock's competences react during weathering

Front 38

Lithification

Back 38

the process that converts sediments into solid rock

Front 39

Compaction Lithification

Back 39

Particles are squeezed together by the weight of overlaying sediment into a mass more dense than the original

Front 40

Cementation Lithification

Back 40

Minerals precipitate around deposited particles and bind them together

Front 41

Bedding

Back 41

formation of parallel layers of sediment as particles settle to the bottom of a body of water or land surface

Front 42

metamorphic Rock

Back 42

Rocks produced by modification of preexisting rocks under conditions of high pressure and temperature deep in the earth

Front 43

Regional metamorphism

Back 43

WHen the processes of metamorphism occurs over a LARGE area

Front 44

Contact Metamorphism

Back 44

When the processes of metamorphism occurs over a SMALL area

Front 45

Foliation

Back 45

Wavy or flat planes produced when the rock was structurally deformed into folds

Front 46

Concentration Factor

Back 46

The ration of an element of a mineral over the average abundance in the crust

Front 47

Ore Minerals

Back 47

Rich deposits of minerals from which valuable metals can be recovered from

Front 48

Hydrothermal solution

Back 48

a hot water solution formed when circulating groundwater or ocean water comes in contact with magma and cools creating free flowing elements and ions in the water

Front 49

Veins (most important source of metallic ores)

Back 49

Tubular deposits of precipitated materials in the fractures and joints of the earth

Front 50

Disseminated Deposites

Back 50

Mineral deposits that are scattered through volumes of rock much larger than veins (Bigger Veins)