Geology Final Exam

Front 1

Body Waves

Back 1

Have higher frequency compared to surface waves but surface waves can travel greater distances

Front 2

Body Waves

Back 2

Transmit within the earth

Front 3

P Waves

Back 3

Primary, compression waves, fastest, travel through both solid & liquid

Front 4

S Waves

Back 4

3 km/s in granite, cannot travel through liquid water

Front 5

Magnitude and Intensity of Earthquake

Back 5

depends on strength, distance from epicenter, earth materials, construction materials, an earthquake only has one magnitude BUT CAN HAVE DIFF INTENSITY AT DIFF LOCATIONS

Front 6

Richter Magnitude

Back 6

a measure of total energy released by an earthquake

Front 7

Secondary effects of an earthquake

Back 7

1. liquefaction: intensive shaking causes water-saturated sediment to lose than shear strength and "flow" can result in sand how ? earth slow, quick sand
2. tsunami: occur as ocean water is vertically displaced during strong earthquakes-travel 800 km.hr
3. fires
4. landslide

Front 8

Seismic Gaps

Back 8

segments where no major earthquakes have occurred for a long time >20-30 years

Front 9

Predicting timing of future shocks using earthquake "precursors"

Back 9

foreshocks: before large earthquakes
dilaancy pehnomena: an decrease in rock density due to microscopic fracturing
biological effects: abnormal animal behavior

Front 10

Continental Rise

Back 10

gentle incline toward deep ocean basins

Front 11

continental slope

Back 11

irregular, steeper incline (4 degrees) slope marked by deep gullies (submarine canyons)

Front 12

abyssal plain:

Back 12

wide flat ocean floor contains submerged volcanoes (seamount and midocean ridges)

Front 13

oceanic trench

Back 13

hemispheric-scale long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor. They are also the deepest parts of the ocean floor.

Front 14

mid ocean ridge

Back 14

general term for an underwater mountain system that consists of various mountain ranges (chains), typically having a valley known as a rift running along its spine, formed by plate tectonics.

Front 15

angle of repose

Back 15

the steepest angle a slope can maintain without failure or collapse

Front 16

Passive margins

Back 16

far from plate boundaries lack of earthquakes, volcanoes east coast of north american, west coast of europe

Front 17

active margins

Back 17

plate boundaries (subduction zones with deep ocean trenches) frequent earthquakes and volcanic action..andean type

Front 18

Mass Wasting

Back 18

downward movement of materials under gravity ranges from very slow (creep) to very fast (rockfall) movement

Front 19

safety factor

Back 19

shear strength/shear stress
SF>1, stable; SF<1, failure

Front 20

shear stress

Back 20

driving force for landslide

Front 21

Slide

Back 21

landslide along one or more surface of failure

Front 22

slump

Back 22

landslide along a CURVED rupture surface caused by erosion along a slope base

Front 23

block glide

Back 23

landslide along a planar surface rocks and slope are dipping in the same direction

Front 24

flows

Back 24

landslide occurs as a viscous fluid. Mudflow: the most fluid slide
triggered by heavy rainfall or clay or volcanic ash

Front 25

Creep

Back 25

the slowest type of landslide, cause the most widespread damages of all landslide activity

Front 26

land subsidence

Back 26

sinking or lowering of land surface

Front 27

withdrawal of fluids

Back 27

groundwater, oil, gas, sediments lose fluid pressure to support the overlying materials compaction cause land subsidence

Front 28

meanders

Back 28

curve in river

Front 29

drainage basins

Back 29

an area or basin where any drop of rainfall will exit in the same stream/rivers

Front 30

oxbow lakes

Back 30

abandoned water loop of meander flow

Front 31

dendritic

Back 31

trunk stream tributary

Front 32

trellis

Back 32

ridges of resistant rock anticline, syncline

Front 33

Recurrence of interval of flooding

Back 33

R=N+1/M
M: individual rank magnitude
N: numbers of years of record

Front 34

river channelization

Back 34

convert a meander stream into a straight one by straighten, deepening, widening, purpose- prevent wandering and flooding of a meander flow.

Front 35

frequency of flooding

Back 35

based on statistical analysis of discharge data obtained

Front 36

porosity

Back 36

total spaces.total volume of rocks.
open pore spaced between solid sediments
fracture opening
well sorted, rounded grains have HIGH porosity
poor sorted, angular grains have low porosity

Front 37

darcys law

Back 37

hydraulic gradient: h1-h2/d

Front 38

permeability

Back 38

the ease of rocks to transmit fluids. controlled by pore size and shape
-clay and silts are more porous but less permeable than sands
-some rocks have low porosity but high permeability

Front 39

valdose zone

Back 39

zone of aeration and saturation zone are seperated by water table surface

Front 40

aquifiers

Back 40

geological formation (sandstone, limestone) capable of supplying groundwater

Front 41

recharge zones

Back 41

where surface water infiltrates downward to groundwater symptoms

Front 42

discharge zones

Back 42

where groundwater moves upwards to the surface

Front 43

effluent streams (perennial)

Back 43

recharged by groundwater stream flow is part of the grounwater system, flow year round/in himid climate

Front 44

influent streams (ephemeral)

Back 44

stream channel is above groundwater table, any flow after precipitation. water moves downwards and recharge groundwater below

Front 45

confined aquifier

Back 45

aquifier overlaid by a low-k confining unit. Hydraulic head- elevation of the upper limit of the aq.

Front 46

city water system

Back 46

an artificial artesian system

Front 47

unconfined aquifier

Back 47

the uppermost geologic unit, free water table surface if highly irregular, equipotent
subject to surface pollution