Geology Final

Front 1

The accepted age of Earth is 2.6 billion years.

Back 1

False

Front 2

According to tectonic models, Earth's rigid outter shell, the crust, is broken into large slabs called

Back 2

Lithosphere (none of the above)

Front 3

A scientific _____ is a well established, tested, and accepted explanation of a natural phenomenon.

Back 3

Theory

Front 4

When tectonic plates collide, this is considered _____ type of active plate tectonic boundary.

Back 4

Convergent

Front 5

The earth's layer that consists of the crust and uppermost mantle and forms a relatively cool rigid shell is?

Back 5

Lithosphere

Front 6

The law of _____ states that in a layer of undisturbed sed. rocks or lave flows, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on bottom.

Back 6

Superposition

Front 7

The most abundant mineral group in Earth's crust are the silicates.

Back 7

True

Front 8

Each element is defined by the number of _____ in the nucleus.

Back 8

Protons

Front 9

The doctrine of ______ is commonly stated as the present is the key to the past.

Back 9

Uniformitarianism

Front 10

Where oceanic and continental plates converg the more dense continental plate sinks beneath the less dense oceanic plate.

Back 10

False

Front 11

The tendency of minerals to break along smooth flat surfaces is?

Back 11

Cleavage

Front 12

Fossil organisms succeed one another in a random and undetermineable order and any time period is very difficutl to date relatively.

Back 12

False

Front 13

An electrically charged atom that loses or gains electrons is?

Back 13

Ion

Front 14

Which of the following is a characteristic of minerals?

Back 14

A unique set of physical properties

Front 15

A type of plate boundary where plates grind past each other without either generating new crust or consuming old crust is a ______ plate/fault boundary.

Back 15

Transform

Front 16

The type of bonding when electrons are shared between atoms is?

Back 16

Covalent

Front 17

The building block of the silicate minerals is?

Back 17

Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

Front 18

On Mohs hardness scale, which is the hardest element?

Back 18

Diamond

Front 19

Igneous rocks are produced largely by the deposition and consolidation of surface materials like sand and mud.

Back 19

False

Front 20

In the early 1900s pioneering investigations by ______ established the sequence in which minerals crystallize from a magma.

Back 20

Bowen

Front 21

A process of developing more than 1 rock type from a common magma is magmatic_____

Back 21

Differentiation

Front 22

The most important factor affecting the texture of an igneous rock is the ____ of the magma.

Back 22

Rate of Cooling

Front 23

Which natural philosophy of the 17th century was based on a firm belief in a very short geologic history for Earth.

Back 23

Catastrophism

Front 24

Extrusive igneous rocks can possess a fine grained texture called?

Back 24

Aphanitic

Front 25

The left branch of Bowens reaction series is called the continuous side of the series b/c the minerals react w/ the magma and continually form new minerals.

Back 25

False

Front 26

Which one of the following terms is used by geologists to denote a rock w/ a high % of iron and magnesium minerals (making it dark in color)?

Back 26

Mafic

Front 27

Continental crust has a composition closer to granite thatn oceanic crust.

Back 27

True

Front 28

Volcanoes are insignificant when it comes to global climate change.

Back 28

False

Front 29

Crater Lake is a caldera and was produced by?

Back 29

the summit of a volcano collapsed

Front 30

There are very few volcanoes on the west coast of the US.

Back 30

False

Front 31

A ______ is built almost exclusively from ejected lava fragments and is the smallest type of volcano.

Back 31

Cinder cone

Front 32

Plutons are extrusive igneous bodies.

Back 32

False

Front 33

Columnar Joints form by?

Back 33

Contraction and fracturing during cooling of igneous rocks.

Front 34

The magma that cools very rapidly on the Earth's surface would develop ____ type of texture?

Back 34

Glassy

Front 35

A _____ is a fiery flow of volcanic debris that is capable of racing down a steep volcanic slope at high speeds.

Back 35

Nue'e Ardente

Front 36

Which of the following factors help determine whether a volcanic eruption will be violent or tranquil (think of the viscosity of the magma)

Back 36

All of these (composition of magma, texture of magma, amount of dissolved gas in magma)

Front 37

Flood basalts are usually intrusive features.

Back 37

False

Front 38

The largest type of volcanoe is the composite variety.

Back 38

False

Front 39

Low viscosity lave that develops twisted braid like and relatively smooth appearance is ____ lava.

Back 39

Pahoehoe

Front 40

A destructive mudflow that occurs when volcanic debris becomes saturated with water and rapidly moves down steep volcanic slopes is ?

Back 40

Lahar

Front 41

The largest volcanoes on Earth are the ?

Back 41

Shield

Front 42

Would high viscosity magma create a more explosive volcanic eruption?

Back 42

Yes

Front 43

Pyroclastic material is pulverized rock and lave fragments blown from a volcanoes vent, this includes bombs.

Back 43

True

Front 44

Which process is not considered a mechanical weathering process?

Back 44

Hydrolysis

Front 45

Chemical weathering would be most effective _____.

Back 45

In a warm, humid climate.

Front 46

The type of soil we have in NJ is?

Back 46

Pedalfer

Front 47

The gradual rounding of the corners and edges of angular blocks of rock is ??

Back 47

None of these (Frost wedging, unloading, sheeting, exfoliation)

Front 48

At which of these locations would frost wedging be most effective?

Back 48

Trenton, NJ (alternating freezing and thawing)

Front 49

Which of these factors influence the type and rate of weathering?

Back 49

All of the above (mineral content, climate, presence of joints, slope of the land)

Front 50

Soil is 20% air and water.

Back 50

False

Front 51

Secondary enrichment from weathering of rock is done in which 2 ways?

Back 51

Removing undesirable material and leaching and depositing desirable material.

Front 52

Biologic activity is considered chemical weathering?

Back 52

False.

Front 53

Which of the following is NOT true of soil?

Back 53

It is the same as regolith.

Front 54

The decayed remains of animals and plants in soil is?

Back 54

Humus

Front 55

Leaching and eluviation are greatest in the?

Back 55

E horizon