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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a stream staff gauge?
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Non-recording gauge.
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This is called a ____ ____ or measuring station.
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Stilling well
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Stream stage is measured from where?
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The datum. Which can be any predetermined elevation.
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What is the best way to measure stream velocity?
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Tracer method.
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What is discharge measured in?
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Meters cubed per second. (m3/s)
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How do you compute discharge?
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Velocity x depth x width = Q
(or cross-section area m2 x m/s velocity) |
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What is the letter that represents discharge rate?
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Q
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Why must a stream's cross section be periodically re-measured?
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The cross-section area (width x depth) can change due to stream dynamics, which changes the discharge rate and rating curve.
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What does a hydrograph tell us?
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It shows the change in discharge of a stream over time at a given point.
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In a watershed which order would be at the top and at the bottom? List from top to bottom:
a. 1st, 2nd, 3rd b. 3rd, 2nd, 1st |
a. 1st, 2nd, 3rd
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A watershed is determined by what feature(s):
a. Rivers b. Plunging anticlines and synclines c. Elevation d. Political boundaries (states and counties) |
c. Elevation
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Point out peakflow and baseflow on this graph:
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What is river baseflow?
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Ground water entering the river maintaining it's flow.
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What is the river Base Level?
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The lowest point a flowing water body can flow to. Most often the ocean.
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Stream Competence is the:
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Maximum bed load particle size (pebble, rock boulder)
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Stream Capacity is the:
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The measure of the total sediment a stream can carry (excluding water).
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Fan shaped river deposits are called:
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Delta's or Alluvial fans
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A _____ is a fan shaped sediment deposit associated with the ocean.
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Delta
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A _____ is a fan shaped sediment deposit associated with another river.
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Alluvial fan
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What type of stream is this?
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Braided
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Braided streams have a _____ sediment load, and _______ discharge.
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LARGE sediment load, and VARIABLE discharge.
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What type of stream is this?
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Meander
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The green area represents the:
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Floodplain
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Identify the Cutbank and the Point Bar.
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Label items A B C.
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a. unsaturated zone
b. saturated zone c. water table |
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What is the are between the arrows called?
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Arear of influence.
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The well's cone of depression is doing what to the stream?
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Causing stream flow to the aquifer draining the stream.
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Infiltration capacity is the:
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Amount of water soil can hold.
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98% of unfrozen fresh water is:
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groundwater
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25% of all fresh water is:
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groundwater
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Ground water is primarily held in what part of the soil?
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pore spaces
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The phreatic zone is the zone of _____:
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saturation (pore spaces filled with water)
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The vadose zone is the zone of ________:
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unsaturation (pre spaces fileld with air and water)
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The majority of streamflow in this regions mountains is from ________.
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Groundwater.
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Aquifers represent what K value:
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High (sand gravel sandstone fractured rock)
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Aquitards represent what K value:
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Low (clay silt shale unfractured rock)
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K represents what in hydrology:
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Hydraulic conductivity
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What was Henry Darcy's purpose for his studies of hydrology?
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To filter water.
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What are the 3 key elements of Q?
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Slope
Area Hydraulic Conductivity |
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Aquifers are defined by an area of saturation that has ______ _______ of water.
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Useful quantities (well or spring)
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Stream competence is:
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The maximum bed load size particle.
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What is stream capacity?
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The total amount of solid particulate carried by the river.
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Name the types of stream load.
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Where are the slowest and fastest currents in a stream?
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How would you or a team of researchers get the cross-sectional area of a stream?
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Ground water pumping over a long time can lead to:
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Subsidence (Mexico City example)
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How are sinkholes formed by well pumping?
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How can well pumping cause salt water intrusion?
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How does a septic system work, and what can it release into water tables?
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Bacteria, metals, nutrients, pathogens, residual medications from people...
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What is L.U.S.T.?
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Leaking Underground Storage Tank
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What is one of the most important formations to find oil trapped in?
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Salt Domes
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Be able to label the Cap Rock (seal rock), Reservoir, and Source Rock
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Where does oil source rock originate from?
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Reefs, plants, microgorganisms burried and put under heat and pressure under the right conditions becomes oil. (over millions of years).
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Where does oil source rock originate from?
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Reefs, plants, microgorganisms burried and put under heat and pressure under the right conditions becomes oil. (over millions of years).
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What are some other common traps oil and gas are found?
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Anticlines, dip-slip faults, unconformities.
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Where does oil source rock originate from?
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Reefs, plants, microgorganisms burried and put under heat and pressure under the right conditions becomes oil. (over millions of years).
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What are some other common traps oil and gas are found?
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Anticlines, dip-slip faults, unconformities.
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What do stratigraphers do for petroleum geology?
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Determine the stratified layer sequence of rock formations.
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Structural geologist do what for petroleum geology?
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Interpret subsurface folds/faults/structures that may contain oil.
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What is the average cost of drilling an oil well?
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$125 per foot
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What is the average depth of an oil well?
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6000 ft.
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Petroleum engineers determine what part of process?
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How to drill.
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Why might biologists and ecologists be employed by the petroleum industry?
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To clean up the environmental messes.
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Why are paleontologists hired by the petroleum industry?
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It is paleontology that uniquely explains the element of geologic time and depositional environment to petroleum exploration.
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Geophysicists perform what task in the petroleum industry?
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Interprets seismic surveys of subsurface geology.
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