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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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where is the greatest volume of fresh water stored
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glaciers
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Where is the smallest volume of fresh water stored
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the atmosphere
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What happens in the hydrolic cycle
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atmospheric water vapor condenses to become percipitation
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Where does lateral erosion by meandering streams occur
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on the outside bank of the meander
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How are sand and gravel transported by streams primarily
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Bed Load
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What do streams transport chemical pollutants such as nitrates as
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dissolved load
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The gradient of a stream is steepest where
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near the streams head (upper end)
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Sediment deposited at the mouth of a river forms a what
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delta
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what is depth of erosion by the lower reach of a stream limited by
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base level
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What is discharge
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in a stream channel, water flow velocity multiplied by channel cross- sectional area
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What is stream capacity the measure of
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the amount of load in transport by the stream
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what does stream discharge do dowmstream
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increases downstream
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How do meanders migrate or shift their location
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by sediment deposition on the inside of meander bends and lateral erosion on the outside
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What is sediment deposited during floods
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it is fertile and provides excellent nutrients for agriculture
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What would be the effect of a new dam or river
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increased erosion downstream of the dam
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What is the discharge of a stream where its average velocity is 3 feet per second, its average depth is 20 feet, and its width is 200 feet?
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12,000 cubic feet per second
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What is the 100 year flood
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that which has a 1 in 100 chance of occurring in a year
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What is the equation of flood recurrence interval
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R= (n +1)/ m
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What are the causes of increased runoff and stream discharge
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draining of marshes, construction of buildings, laying of pavement
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What will construction of a large parking lot do to the water table
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it can lower the water table by decreasing infilitration during storms
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On a stream hydrograph, what is the time between a period of heavy rainfall and an upstream flood
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short
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What does sediment deposited at he mouth of a stream canyon form
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alluvial fan
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What is the stage of a sream
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elevation of the stream surface
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With what are flash floods more likely in drainage basins
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steep slopes
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What can both channelization and levees do
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increase food problems downstream
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Algal blooms result from what type of surface water pollution
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nutreint
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Why can toxins in surface water present a very difficult problem
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because very low concentrations can be hazardous
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Water polluted by organic matter does not contain much of what
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It does not contain much oxygen
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What is surface water with no dissolved oxygen probably contaminated by
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Organic matter
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What is the most significant source of non-point source pollution
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surface runoff during and after storms
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What water pollutant comes primarily from non-point sources
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sediment
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Why are DDT and certain other organic pollutants particularly hazardous
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they are persistent, accumulated in animal tissue, concentrated in the food pyramid
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Why has it been difficult to reduce sediment pollution in streams
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because sediment comes from non-point sources
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What are a few heavy metals
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lead, mercury, cadmium
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What is the average length of time of a substance remains in a reservior in a biogeochemical cycle
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residence time
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What is most industrial water pollution
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point source pollution
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Which hazardous waste is an organic compound
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DDT
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What is the source of most nitrogen pollution of surface water
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fertilizers
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In rural areas in which individual homes are on private well and septic systems, this is a not common water contamination problem:
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hydrocabons
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what does flow of contaminated groundwater create
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a plume
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What does thermal pollution result primarily from
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power generation
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How is biochemical oxygen demand created in surface water
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organic- matter pollution
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What is surface water with essentially no dissolved oxygen
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Anaerobic
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What is a negative consequence of detention basins for trapping sediment
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they may provide a breeding habitat for mosquitoes
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Where doe heavy metals acummulate
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in the bodies of organisms
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When will polluted lakes with a residence time of 20 years be half clean
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in 20 years
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what are geese that are fed by humans a cause of
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algal blooms
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what do fountains in ponds help
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add oxygen to the water
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what do petroleum pollutant in groundwater aquifers do
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tend to stay on top of the water
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Which energy resource will last longest
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coal
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How is acid rain primarily caused by
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burning high- sulfur coal
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What is any rain water having a pH less than 5.6
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acid rain
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when is atmospheric pollution the worst
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when coal is burned
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What is the greatest cost of coal striping
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reclamation of strip- mined land
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What is mineral that is described as coal that is high in sulfur
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pyrite
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Give an example of a fossil fuel
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natural as
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What country has the largest proven reserves of cruce oil
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Saudi Arabia
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Which country has the largest proven reserves of natural gas
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the former USSR
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Which source could yield large amounts of natural gas in the futre
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methane hydrates
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Which is the highest grade and most common carbon- rich coal
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anthractite
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What produces the most carbon dioxide when burned
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coal
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Fossil fuels include what
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oil, coal, and tar sand
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what are the most valuable petroleum reserviors
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high in porosity and high in permeability ( like aquifers)
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Oil and gas migrate out of their source rocks and
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upward toward the surface
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Where are fossil fuels found
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sedimentary rocks
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The 20 billion barrels of oil in Alaska's North Slope deposits would supply the United States for how long
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2 years
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What proportion of oil in an oil field is usually pumped out using both primary and secondary petroleum recovery techniques
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1/3
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Where are geopressurized natural gas found
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deep underground in hot salty groundwater
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Where does coal form from
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plants buried in sediment
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What do gasification and liquefaction techniques do
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convert coal to more versatile fuel
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How is oil shale currently extracted
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strip mining
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What percent of primary and secondary petroleum recovery methods usually extracted of the available petroleum deposit?
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10%- 20%
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Where are large, valuable petroleum deposits typically found
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trapped below impermeable rocks by geologic structure
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Where does anaerobic decomposition take place
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where oxygen has become depleted
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When is a body of water said to be eutrophic
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when an excess of nutrients exist, especially nitrates and phosphorus
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What is a drainage basin
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the region form which a stream obtains water
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How does urbanization affect runoff and infiltration in a small, previously forested drainage basin
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runoff increases whereas infiltration decreases due to paving the previous forest
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How is the quality of coal rated by
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heat value, carbon content
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Why are coal and petroleum products considered to be fossil fuels
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their energy content was derived from "Ancient" sunlight, trapped in the material
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What is the oil window
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the relatively narrow range of temperatures in which oil can form ~100 degrees celsius
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How is oil formed
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It is liquid petroleum, it is a variety of liquid hydrocarbon compound
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How is natural gas formed
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they are the gaseous hydrocarbons of which the compound methane is the most common
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What are the levels of coal's ranking
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peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite
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What is peat
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partially decayed, low heat content
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What is lignite
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low heat content, low sulfur content
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What is bituminous
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high heat content, high sulfur content
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what is anthracite
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highest heat content, low sulfur content
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What is natural gas primarily made up of
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methane
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How does coal form
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from terrestrial plants subjected to heat and pressure after burial over geologic time
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What is the suspended load?
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consists of material that is light or fine enough to be moved along suspended in the stream, supported by flowing water
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What is the dissolved load
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substances that may be completely dissolved in water
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what happens when organic water is added to water
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• Biological oxygen demanded increases
• Dissolved oxygen levels decrease |
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What is peak lag time
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the time lag between a precipitation event and the peak flood discharge
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What happens to peak lag time with urbanization
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lag time decreases with increased urbanization, where the latter involves covering land with impermeable materials and/ or installing storm sewers
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what is surface runoff
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may be slowed on moderate slopes by contour plowing ,plowing rows parallel to the contours of the hill
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What is the hydrologic cycle
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the largest single reservoir, contains over 97% of the water in the hydrosphere in the world's oceans
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what is a stream
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any body of flowing water confined within a channel, regardless of size
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What is base level
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the lowest elevation to which the stream can erode downward, base level is the water level of body of water into which they flow
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